Free Essays on The Sinking Of The Lusitania

â€Å"The war to end all wars† was what a few people called it. Others called it â€Å"The Great War.† Look at it at any rate you wish, however World War I was ruinous, yet it very well might have hampered mankind in time. To state that there was a privilege and a wrong in the war is inconceivable. The two sides weren't right with things, however at long last, Germany endured more, by being compelled to pay billions of dollars in War Debts, and let the French control a rich dig for well more than 15 years. Prior to that, Germany was a nation that was simply running over the Allied Powers with barely any kind of issues. Be that as it may, soon, Germany’s rule on World War I was finding some conclusion. The Germans had a maritime bar of any boats that had gone through around the United Kingdom. Regardless of the bar, numerous boats chose to disregard the alerts that Germany conveyed to the Allied nations. One of these boats was the Lusitania. The Lusitania was a boat that left on a journey to England, with travelers from all around, including numerous Americans. An announcement was passed around to each individual who boarded the boat, which expressed that a war was going on among Germany and England. It likewise expressed that Germany had put a maritime bar encompassing the waters of England, and that any boat in that zone was in danger of being terminated at by German soldiers. Sufficiently sure, as the Lusitania entered that zone on May 7, 1915, a German submarine terminated a rocket submerged, hitting the Lusitania and thus, murdered in excess of 1,100 travelers and group, 124 of them Americans. After the sinking of the boat, shock followed, and The United States was brought into the war. In a letter sent to the Germans from President Wilson and Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, the United States indicated how they became worn out on German submarine assaults. In a portion from the letter, Bryan said this: â€Å"The sinking of the British traveler liner Falaba by a German submarine on March 28, throu... Free Essays on The Sinking Of The Lusitania Free Essays on The Sinking Of The Lusitania â€Å"The war to end all wars† was what a few people called it. Others called it â€Å"The Great War.† Look at it in any case you wish, however World War I was ruinous, yet it very well might have interfered with humankind in time. To state that there was a privilege and a wrong in the war is incomprehensible. The two sides weren't right with things, however at long last, Germany endured more, by being compelled to pay billions of dollars in War Debts, and let the French control a rich dig for well more than 15 years. Prior to that, Germany was a nation that was simply running over the Allied Powers with barely any kind of issues. Be that as it may, soon, Germany’s rule on World War I was finding some conclusion. The Germans had a maritime barricade of any boats that had gone through around the United Kingdom. In spite of the barricade, numerous boats chose to overlook the admonitions that Germany conveyed to the Allied nations. One of these boats was the Lusitania. The Lusitania was a boat that left on a journey to England, with travelers from all around, including numerous Americans. A notice was passed around to each individual who boarded the boat, which expressed that a war was going on among Germany and England. It additionally expressed that Germany had put a maritime bar encompassing the waters of England, and that any boat in that zone was in danger of being terminated at by German soldiers. Sufficiently sure, as the Lusitania entered that zone on May 7, 1915, a German submarine terminated a rocket submerged, hitting the Lusitania and thusly, slaughtered in excess of 1,100 travelers and team, 124 of them Americans. After the sinking of the boat, shock followed, and The United States was brought into the war. In a letter sent to the Germans from President Wilson and Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, the United States indicated how they became burnt out on German submarine assaults. In a passage from the letter, Bryan said this: â€Å"The sinking of the British traveler liner Falaba by a German submarine on March 28, throu...

Polar Bears and Global Warming Essay Example

Polar Bears and Global Warming Paper This worldwide environmental change has made it hard for the creatures in these areas to endure. One creature whose house is quickly vanishing is the Polar Bear. This adjustment in temperature is dissolving their white cold prairies that the polar bears frantically need to endure. As the polar bears living space lessens, so does the polar bears populace. So as to ensure the polar bears, people need to put forth a valor attempt to diminish the measure of contamination and ozone depleting substances that we produce. Polar bears are one of the numerous animal varieties that are being influenced by the polar CE tops dissolving. Ocean ice is the establishment of the Arctic marine condition. Imperative life forms live underneath and inside the ice itself, which isn't strong yet penetrated with channels and passages huge, little, and littler. Trillions of diatoms, zooplankton, and shellfish pepper the ice section. In spring, daylight enters the ice, activating algal sprouts. The green growt h sink to the base, and in shallow mainland rack territories they continue a food web that incorporates mollusks, ocean stars, cold cod, seals, walrusesand polar bears (McGrath, Para. 4). These radiant bears rely upon the tundra to give a solidified arriving to chasing and taking a break while swimming far separations. Most bears live their whole lives out on the ice and just visit land to fabricate birthing nooks; be that as it may, as the ice keeps on liquefying, the polar bears are bound to bite the dust rashly because of the absence of food accessible and the absence of safe spots to rest between swims. As per The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the declining measure of ocean ice is the main danger against the endurance of polar bears (Campbell, Para. 2). To summarize from Colic Campbell and Kate Landaus article The War Over the Polar Bear, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) noticed that as the Arctic ocean ice keeps on liquefying, around 66% of the universes polar bear populace is required to vanish by 2050. This expectation can even be viewed as traditionalist, in light of the fact that the ocean ice is dissolving quicker than recently envisioned, as in dicated by the USGS polar bear venture pioneer Steve Masters (Campbell, Para. 13). We will compose a custom exposition test on Polar Bears and Global Warming explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Polar Bears and Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Polar Bears and Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer As the impacts of an unnatural weather change keeps on warming the planet, the Arctic ice tops keep on vanishing at a perilous rate, cheering the polar bears capacity to make due in these conditions. Polar bears are local to Alaska, Canada, and Russia. The bears that live in the Norwegian archipelago of Scabbard, the Effort Sea, and Hudson Bay in Northeast Canada have been contemplated the longest. The western piece of the Hudson Bay is the place the ice is known to liquefy in the mid year and freeze back in the fall. This is the place the polar bears danger was first uncovered in light of the fact that as the years went on, and the planet kept on warming. The ice stopped to freeze back, making it hard for the new moms and infant fledglings o endure the more remote swims to locate a solidified prairie where they could chase and rest. As the separations between solidified ice tops Increases, so does the quantity of bears that suffocate. Albeit polar bears are acceptable, solid swimmers, they are not also taken care of as they used to be, because of the absence of chasing land. As endurance turns out to be more outlandish, less females conceive an offspring and less whelps really endure. The polar bears quandary is a dubious subject, in light of the fact that all together for the legislature to put polar bears on the jeopardized species list, they would eve to concede that a worldwide temperature alteration is genuine and is occurring at this moment. Be that as it may, this is a period squeezing matter, in light of the fact that inside the following 50 years, the polar bear species could be cleared out totally. An unnatural weather change is the fundamental driver of the current issue. On the off chance that people had the option to confine the measure of green house gases that we discharge, possibly we could slow the warming of the planet and prevent the ice tops from liquefying and never improving. For whatever length of time that the polar bears have ice tops to chase on and lay on in the middle of swims, less polar bears would pass on from starving or suffocating. Easing back this passing rate would expand the measure of offspring brought into the world every year and the endurance rate would increment also.

Finding Inspiration

Finding Inspiration Warning: cheesiness ahead! Halfway through this chaotic semester filled with too many midterms for me and too many college applications for many of you, I’ve watched motivation jump off of a building, and with it, inspiration and optimism. I’ve searched high and low, from Facebook to Instagram to Reddit but to no avail. Motivation was nowhere to be found (a.k.a. I’ve been procrastinating). That is, until I found an exhaustive list of quotes from the lovely captain of the lightweight women’s crew team, Sharon. I’ve compiled the corniest collection of these quotes into power monologues that you can tell yourself the next time every bone and neuron in your body is saying, “Can we do this?? No, we can’t!!” (Also quick throwback to childhood for some positive vibes) If you ever feel like you just can’t do it… As Im sure you know by now, “you miss 100% of the shots you don’t take” (Wayne Gretzky). But sometimes, you think about how youre finally going to take that shot and how magnificent its going to be but life becomes a 6’ 7” professional basketball player towering over you, and all you can do is pass the ball. It’s hard to see past the immediate deadlines and problems: psets, applications, practice, exams, essays, readings for HASS writing classes that don’t get done, more coffee, more psets, more emails to catch up on, more laundry to do (a very real problem), more ____ , more more more. But, “a smooth sea never made a skilled sailor” (Franklin Roosevelt), and “the most effective way to do it, is to do it” (Amelia Earhart). So if you get scared, “dont be afraid of your fears. Theyre not there to scare you. Theyre there to let you know that something is worth it” (C. Joybell C.). So yeah, “sometimes I feel like giving up. Then I remember I have a lot of idio ts to prove wrong” (Stanley Ipkis). “If we encounter an obstacle… “all we have to do is bring it down and this obstacle will become a bridge” (Song Sam Dong). Sometimes, it’s hard to wrap your head around all the sheer size of a lofty goal, so take it step by step. “The greatest was once a beginner. Dont be afraid to take that first step” (Muhammad Ali). Even if you have to take that obstacle down brick by brick, go the extra mile to get around it, or climb to great scary heights to get over it, it will be worth it because “opportunity is missed by most because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work” (Thomas Edison). Sometimes, though, you just want to lean up against that wall and take a nap, which is me all the time, but “people often say that motivation doesnt last. Well, neither does bathing thats why we recommend it daily” (Zig Ziglar). If one path doesn’t work out, forge another. “Whatever you are, be a good one” (Abraham Lincoln), but “be not simply good. Be good for something” (Thoreau). If you’ve fallen and can’t get up… “Be happy for no reason, like a child. If you are happy for a reason, youre in trouble, because that reason can be taken from you” (Deepak Chopra). Don’t let anyone bring you down, especially not yourself, break down the walls society, your parents, your friends built around you, and move the mountains that have stared you down your whole life. So reach for new heights and climb those mountains, but “climb mountains not so the world can see you, but so you can see the world” (David McCullough Jr.). And “if you ever think you are too small to make a difference, try sleeping with a mosquito” (Dalai Lama). So pick yourself up because “everything will be okay in the end. If its not okay, its not the end” (John Lennon). I hope this a guest post of sorts can help you through this semester. I guess I’ll end with a piece of advice I’ve been giving myself lately: listen with an open heart and mind. You can learn something from everyone you meet, whether it’s a quote from Abraham Lincoln or the person sitting next to you on the bus. We’re strong and beautiful and amazing individuals. Let’s go take the world by storm. Ill end with another picture of cheese. Because cheese.

Personal Subject Pronouns in Spanish

Spanish pronouns are usually used much like their English counterparts. The biggest difference is that subject pronouns (ones used to tell who or what is performing the action of the main verb in a sentence) can be omitted where theyre required in English. In other words, subject pronouns in Spanish are used primarily for clarity or emphasis. The 12 Personal Subject Pronouns of Spanish yo — Ità º — you (singular familiar)usted — you (singular formal)à ©l, ella — he, shenosotros, nosotras — wevosotros, vosotras — you (plural familiar)ustedes — you (plural formal)ellos, ellas — they These are called personal subject pronouns to distinguish them from the demonstrative pronouns, the equivalent of words such as this and those. There is also a subject pronoun ello, which can be the rough equivalent of it, but it is rarely used. Note that even though à ©l, ella, ellos, and ellas usually refer to people or animals, they can on occasion refer to inanimate objects, with the pronoun matching the grammatical gender of the object or objects being referred to. Vosotros and vosotras are seldom used in most of Latin America, where ustedes can be used even when talking with close friends or children. How To Use or Omit Subject Pronouns Because verb conjugation often suggests who or what the subject of a sentence is, one can properly leave out the subject pronoun or put it at various places in the sentence. Voy a la escuela, yo voy a la escuela, voy yo a la escuela, and voy a la escuela yo are all grammatically correct ways of saying I am going to the school (although the final option would be highly uncommon except if said for poetic effect). But the placement of the pronoun can make a difference in how the sentence is understood. To see how these pronouns are used, examine the sentences below. Subject pronouns, where used, are in boldface: Mi hermano es muy inteligente. Es doctor. (My brother is intelligent. He  is a doctor.) — No subject pronoun is needed in the second sentence, because the subject of the sentence is made clear by the context and the verb form.Mis mejores amigos se llaman Roberto, Ahmad y Suzanne. Son estudiantes. (My best friends are Roberto, Ahmad, and Suzanne. They are students.) — The pronoun is unnecessary in the second Spanish sentence and normally wouldnt be used becauses it is clear who is being referred to.Es fà ¡cil comprender el libro. (It is easy to understand the book.) — No pronoun is used to translate an impersonal use of it.Mi hermano y su esposa son inteligentes. Él es doctor, y ella es abogada. (My brother and his wife are intelligent. He is a doctor, and she is a lawyer.) — In this case, the subject pronouns à ©l and ella are used  for clarity.Tà º, ella y yo vamos al cine. (You, she,  and I are going to the movies.) — Note that in thi s construction the first-person plural form of the verb (the one that would be used with the equivalent of we) is used. Thus it is possible to use that verb form without using the pronoun nosotros.Hazlo. (Do it.) Hazlo tà º. (You do it.) — In a command such as this, the addition of the subject often has a similar effect to its use in English. Although grammatically not necessary, the addition of the subject serves to place additional emphasis on the subject.Ella canta bien. (She sings well.) Canta bien ella. She sings well. — The pronoun would be used in the first sentence if theres no context to clearly indicate who is being talked about. By placing ella at the end of the second sentence, the speaker is placing a strong emphasis on the pronoun. The emphasis in the second sentence is on the singer and not the singing. ¿Vas a salir? (Are you leaving?)  ¿Vas a salir tà º? (Are you leaving?) — The first sentence is a simple, uninflected question. But the seco nd one, by adding the subject at the end of sentence, is placing a strong emphasis on the person leaving. One possible translation might be Are even you leaving? Or one might render the English as Are you leaving? with a stress or emphasis on you.Nunca va ella al centro. (She never goes downtown.) Ya ha salido à ©l. (He has already left.) — It is common when certain adverbs start a sentence to immediately follow the adverb with the verb, followed by the subject. No special emphasis on the subject is intended. Adverbs often used this way include nunca, ya, bastante, and quizà ¡s.— Te amo, dijo à ©l. — Tambià ©n te amo, respondià ³ ella. (I love you, he said. I love you too, she responded.) — When reporting what people have said, it is common to use the subject pronoun after verbs such as decir (to say), preguntar (to ask), and responder (to reply). No special emphasis on the speaker is intended. (Note: The dashes in the Spanish sentences are a type of quotation mark.)

Comparative Essay Anthem and Animal Farm - 749 Words

The books Anthem by Ayn Rand and Animal Farm by George Orwell are both written about dystopias, or the most imperfect and dismal society. Both authors write about humans –or animals- failing to create a utopia or perfect society. Though both authors use different points of view, language style, and voice the same theme is expressed: a perfect society where everyone is equal cannot exist. In Anthem, the main character, Equality 7-2521, rebels against the futuristic government he lives in, like the animals rebel against their farmer in Animal Farm. Anthem ends at Equality’s escape from his city but, Animal Farm is about the new society created after the rebellion and how it starts out promising but eventually is driven into the ground by†¦show more content†¦His world is sad and bland, but no one knows it because they do not ever disobey or question the law. â€Å"It is a sin to write this. It is a sin to think words no others think and to put them down upon a paper no others are to see. It is base and evil. And we know well that there is no transgression blacker than to do or think alone.† (Rand 17) There are always flaws in a ‘perfect’ society. Therefore, it cannot exist. Both novels’ dystopias differ greatly from each other. For example in Animal Farm, there is a more depressing mood as you watch the society fail and turn against its original laws. In Anthem, however, there is a positive mood as one man runs from his death into land unknown to start his own fair and just society, knowing it may not be perfect. The pigs end up changing Animal Farm into an unfair communist society with them as its rulers. While, Anthem’s society everyone is created equal and although there are elders who set up the picking of jobs and food production they make sure everything is just and equal, unlike the pigs. The urge to rebel is definitely dominant in Anthem. â€Å"Through all the darkness, through all the shame of which men are capable, the spirit of man will remain alive on this earth. It may sleep, but it will awaken. It may wear chains, but it will break through. And man will go on. Man, notShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesprimary data on the movement but to analyze and re-analyze the growing body of scholarly and popular literature on the movement, including sociological and anthropological studies, biographies, monographs, dissertations, published and unpublished essays, and periodical articles. Archival sources, such as newspaper reports, policy statements, pamphlets, and organization manuals have also provided useful information. Chapter 1 reviews and reï ¬ nes Webers theory of charisma and routinization, using

Bead Bar Consultant Activity Free Essays

The information technology aspect is a rapidly booming industry in the present influences almost all of the relevant activities in the social and economic fields. Because of this significant influence, most of the major social and economic industries rely much to the value of information and the effects of their exchange in the operations of each respective organization. However, because of the dependence of most economic and social transactions to the value of information, several risk issues are now being considered influential and significant to the information operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Bead Bar Consultant Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Included in this aspect are the security threats imposed by (1) poorly written software or improperly configured systems, (2) computer viruses and worms, (3) external breaches, and (4) internal breaches. The first issue posts some significant threat because poorly written or configured software are more vulnerable to breach attack and viruses. Aside from this, poorly made softwares are also likely to become unstable and unreliable for actual use because of the negative characteristics that are likely to have been overlooked in the use of the system. Computer viruses and worms on the other hand tend to alter the normal processes in the information system causing significant leaks or instability in the operations. External and internal breaches are both threats on the literal means as they manifest unauthorized access to the informations though they vary only from the nature of the source. 2. Develop a security awareness-training plan for employees and franchisees. Knowing the significant threats to information security is an important aspect in the development of a security awareness plan for each organization. In general, the plan must be able to address each of the known threats including anticipation, development of a defense, and the prevention of future occurrences. The security awareness plan must classify mainly into two approaches namely the information protection and the physical security plan. The first encompassed the protection of the information through firewalls and security system, the protection of the storage facilities, and the access of these informations. The physical security must encompassed the actual factors involve in the protection such as the people involved in the information and others. The security plan must mainly anticipate the threat through developing a protection against known breach and virus infection, scrutinize and identify the access, prevent any unauthorized connection, and report the possibilities of leaks and the cases of intrusion. Most importantly in the security plan is the constant update, regular development and the close monitoring of the protection system to ensure its effectiveness and reliability against the threats to the information system. 3. Which Internet-based data backup plans should be used? Part of the security plan, which the organization itself must consider critically, is the aspect of recovery and backup for any intrusion disaster to their information system. Included in this concern is the backup system of the information system and operation of the organization, which is significant for their recovery process. Some of the common approaches to address this need are establishing a security partner to act as a storage facility of the backup data of the organization. These security partners are commonly internet-based serving as the primary data backup plan of most organization for situation of critical intrusion, infection or breach. The development of the internet-based data backup plan must also be extensive as they are similarly critically to the security plan. Several issues and aspects must be satisfied in this data backup plan such as their protection in terms of alteration, tampering or intrusion, isolation, and the constant update of the backup solution. How to cite Bead Bar Consultant Activity, Papers

The Catcher In The Rye An Innocence free essay sample

The Catcher In The Rye: An Artlessness Lost Essay, Research Paper The Catcher in the Rye is a book by J. D. Salinger and the narrative of a male child named Holden Caufield. He is no longer guiltless, but exposed to the universe. Phoebe, Holden # 8217 ; s sister, is the opposite she is rather the inexperienced person, neer truly being exposed to the universe outside her protective bubble. Holden wants to protect such cherished artlessness merely found in the kids as a defender of the inexperienced person a backstop in the rye. The Catcher in the Rye is basically a book about artlessness. This book shows people of two different parties, the inexperienced person ( non tainted by the universe ) and the experient ( both good and evil ) , in their day-to-day life and work. These inexperienced persons include Sally Hayes and Phoebe. Sally belies the universe is a large party ( or a societal juncture ) , everyone likes her, and that the merriment will neer stop. We will write a custom essay sample on The Catcher In The Rye An Innocence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Phoebe, Holden # 8217 ; s younger sister, is guiltless merely non rather every bit naif as Sally. It is clear that she is immature and guiltless, because of the uneven things she does like invariably altering her in-between name or paying for burping lessons, this she states towards the terminal of their conversation. One who is harden by and to the universe would non take lessons in belching. P > A backstop in the rye is a guardian or a defender of the inexperienced person. The thought and the name are strictly symbolic. The significance is as the kids are running thorough the rye they do non see the drops in front and the plumb bob they will do. When they make this # 8220 ; autumn # 8221 ; they lose their child-like artlessness. This autumn could be related to a moral quandary like possibly the metropolis in the altogether. Where he/she would be exposed to harlotry, inebriation, and possibly drugs. Holden Caufield sees himself ruined and tainted by the universe. He has failed out of school, drinks, and fumes. His attitude is it is excessively late for me. But, there is a beam of hope in his life ; he feels it is his responsibility to salvage other kids from the universe as a backstop in the rye. He talks to people about his thoughts, people like Carl Luce. Carl merely blows it off. Holden truly believes his naming in life is to salvage them from falling and turn them around. Holden seems destinded to be a societal worker or a talker who travels to schools. To the kids he must non look far from the $ 5 burial talker in the beginning of the book. But, Catcher in the Rye is genuinely a tragic narrative of artlessness lost and will stay controversial and insightful for decennaries to come.

The congenital heart disease Essays

The congenital heart disease Essays The congenital heart disease Essay The congenital heart disease Essay an Atrial Septal Defect ( ASD ) , Pneumonic Artery Stenosis, Tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ) ( Fig. 1 ) and Transposition of the Great Arteries ( TGA ) ( Fig. 2 ) . Congenital Heart Disease is now non merely a job of the kid, many people with the status are now populating into maturity. It is predicted that by 2010, 185,000 people will be populating in the UK with CHD ( Deanfield ( BHF ) 2003 ) . Treatment for Congenital Heart Conditions has changed quickly over the last 50 old ages. Now surgical direction is needed in most instances nevertheless some defects will either decide themselves or necessitate medicine. Surgical intervention has changed in recent times, fewer patients are necessitating unfastened bosom surgery and more are having a catheterization technique. Around 3,100 operations and 725 interventional cardiac catheterizations are performed each twelvemonth on babes and kids with CHD ( BHF 2003 ) . The effects of surgical intercessions on cardiorespiratory map have been exhaustively researched in the yesteryear. The surveies have concluded that surgery does better lung and cardiac map and reduces secondary complications ( Picchio 2006 ) . Exercise is widely known as the best intervention for most musculoskeletal jobs but its effects on the cardiorespiratory system has merely late been researched into ( Cullen 1991 ) . Pulmonary and Cardiac Rehabilitation have now been shown to hold an consequence in grownups but the research into pediatric rehabilitation categories is non widely known approximately. Other surveies have looked at exercising preparation or a cardiac rehabilitation programmes following surgery and the consequence of this on the patient s exercising tolerance. I am traveling to utilize this reappraisal to measure these surveies which look at both cardiac rehabilitation programmes and besides degrees of exercising tolerance following surgery. I want to discourse whether there are any spreads in the cognition base environing the effects of exercising in cardiac surgery of pediatricss. I besides want to reason whether the premise that exercising is positive, can be right justified. Method After make up ones minding a subject I was able to get down researching into the background country of pediatric cardiology. I started by utilizing a combination of footings including, Exercise, Sports, Physical Activity, Paediatrics, Children, Post-Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Defects and Cardiac Rehabilitation. The hunt pages I found highlighted articles of relevancy and so I used the nexus to related articles to happen the surveies ( see appendix 1 ) . I besides searched on single diary web sites including, Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiology in the Young. I used databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Ovid, Sciencedirect and Springerlink to read abstracts of articles and make up ones mind their relevancy to my reappraisal. I so selected the most relevant and used excel to roll up a tabular array where I could easy see the differences in the surveies under headers ( see appendix 4 ) . The surveies I am looking at are all based on pediatricss and are randomised controlled tests dating from 1981 to 2009. Although some of the surveies are about 30 old ages old, they hold some strong grounds compared to show twenty-four hours surveies and hence I have non discounted older surveies from this reappraisal. Other reappraisals have assessed whether exercising has an impact on cardiorespiratory public presentation and have been shown that an exercising rehabilitation category does supply benefits in cardiorespiratory public presentation and exercising capacity. Some of the surveies that are being reviewed nevertheless are reasoning with undistinguished findings. The reappraisals have stated that research lacks long-run effects of preparation and besides a clear apprehension as to which exercising type is best ( Tomassoni 1996 ) . In this reappraisal I will seek expression at newer surveies and see if the countries of cognition that were found to be omitted after old reappraisals have now been researched into. Review of Surveies First I am traveling to discourse the testing of the participants. All of the surveies completed two exercising trials to measure the participant s ability before and after either the cardiac rehabilitation plan or surgery. Exercise testing is really hard to reproduce. Many surveies have jobs with guaranting the trial is accurate and dependable and many battle, doing consequences and proving to be different and hence non comparable. If the consequences are non accurate and can non be compared to other surveies the consequences can do a alteration in mean consequences and therefore may misdirect readers into a false positive consequence. Each of the surveies used either a treadmill trial or a rhythm dynamometer to prove their participant s cardiorespiratory map and exercising tolerance. Using these two trials is the most common technique of proving map as it is really dependable. ( Washington 1994 ) All surveies used a specific protocol outlined in the Washington Guidelines with all of the surveies utilizing a treadmill trial with five of the 13 surveies utilizing Bruce s protocol. Bruce s protocol is where the class of exercising is increased every 3 proceedingss until the participant has reached their maximal capacity and can non go on. The bike dynamometer trials are where the participants are required to rhythm continuously at about 50-60rpm where the class of exercising is increased by 10-20 watts/ minute every three proceedingss. This is besides completed until the participant can no longer go on ( Washington 1994 ) . Exercise proving utilizing a treadmill or a rhythm dynamometer causes jobs because the undertaking they are set abouting in the trial are is non functional and do non associate to day-to-day undertakings. Runing and cycling is functional but non to that class of exhaustion. Many kids usually will halt an exercising when they are palling and will neer force themselves to the degree that these exercising trials are forcing them. The undertakings are besides non fun for the participants and I feel that it should be fun otherwise kids will acquire bored. This is the same with the intercession as good and the programmes should be child oriented and single to each kid. Result Measures are the footing to the consequences of a survey and therefore its effectivity. A deficiency of certain outcome steps may demo big defects in a survey as many can be used to measure different parts of map and physiological activities. In the surveies looking at the effects of cardiovascular surgery, there were a limited figure of outcome steps that were looked at. Sarubbi ( 2000 ) merely looked at bosom rate and blood force per unit area as result steps and this limits consequences. The chief result steps were bosom rate, blood force per unit area and maximal work rate in all the surveies. These result steps although really limited are values that help us to understand cardiovascular activities. Other helpful steps would hold been oxygen impregnations, which merely Rhodes surveies ( 2005/6 ) looked into. Impregnations are helpful to measure whether a alteration in bosom rate or blood force per unit area affects impregnations or whether a alteration in these may be due to a airing job. ( Rivers 2001 ) The result steps of the cardiac rehabilitation surveies are all different but all have likewise looked at exercising capacity after the intercession. This is shown by all the surveies utilizing VO2 as a step and that all the participants improved their VO2 upper limit to let for a greater exercising capacity. The lone survey that did non turn out an addition in VO2 soap was Goldberg s survey ( 1981 ) which merely showed an betterment in maximal work rate. This could hold been due to the day of the month in which the survey was undertaken. This was one of the earlier surveies done in 1981 and hence engineering may non hold been as accurate or every bit dependable as some of the ulterior surveies done since 2000. However Goldberg s survey was the 1 that had the most intervention clip of all the surveies with exercising of up to 45 proceedingss completed on alternate yearss with a rigorous government to increase class of exercising over the 6 hebdomads. This leads me to believe that pos sibly it was inappropriate testing or inaccurate engineering that changed the consequences of the survey as old reappraisals have shown that an addition in exercising clip has shown to hold positive effects on wellness. As engineering has developed since the early 1880ss, this may be why more accurate testing is used and hence doing consequences more positive to the result we wish. Another job in tests of this kind is conformity. Conformity is ever an issue when finishing surveies ( Burke 1997 ) . Initially enrolling people to take part is hard and many people with either choose non to take part or may drop-out early in the survey. Many people will non take part because of exercising proving being excessively invasive or because of geographical deductions as the distance to the base of the survey being an issue. Some of the surveies had big drop-out rates with about 30 % lessening in patients ab initio feasible for the intervention program and those who undertook the trials in the survey ( Arvidsson 2009 ) . I think this could be explained by that the surveies involved child participants that are less compliant to long term programmes and who tire easy to an activity. Besides due to the nature of the surgery that they have all completed, many parents will be protective over their kids and be forcing the participant s exercising tolerance will do many parents wo rried about their kid s wellness. Much of this can be avoided by specifically explicating the processs and replying any inquiries that the parent or participant may hold to educate them that this a intervention program and is non traveling to impede their kid s recovery or wellness. Besides intercession clip is a major issue when looking at tests. Some may be yearss long and others have followups of old ages one time the intercession has finished. The surveies that focus on Cardiac rehabilitation all have assorted clip graduated tables of their intercession with the shortest plan being six hebdomads ( Goldberg 1981 ) and the longest around 20 hebdomads ( Opocher 2005 ) . The difference in timescale and the different figure of Sessionss that the participants attend makes it hard to measure whether it is the content of the plan that affects the patients or whether merely exerting over a longer, more sustained period of clip effects the participants in the same manner. I think surveies that look at different contents of intervention programmes but have a fixed intercession clip may be good in make up ones minding the purpose of this reappraisal. When looking at the surveies, all of the cardiac rehabilitation plans merely assess the patients exercise public presentation heterosexual after the plan and merely one survey looks at the effects of the plan long term. Rhodes et al 2005 foremost looked at the immediate consequence of a cardiac rehabilitation plan and so in 2006 did another survey looking at the same participants of the old survey six months after the original plan. The surveies that look at exercising capacity before and after surgery besides do non look at the effects of the cardiovascular system in response to exert on a long term graduated table. Long term effects are the best index to state that map and exercising capacity has improved ( Miller 2005 ) . Sociodemographics of the topics in a survey are besides of import to reexamine as to its engagement in truth of consequences. Different age ranges or male to female ratios cause surveies to be inaccurate in seeking to generalize the population group. Many of the surveies had a really big age scope within their participant groups with the largest difference being 17.6 old ages in Marino et Al s survey in 2005. I feel that the exercising difference between a seven twelvemonth old is really different to that of a 24 twelvemonth old. I feel that a big age scope is used to increase capable Numberss. Male: Female ratios are besides of import and that a big bulk in these surveies had male participants. The biggest ratio of male to female was in Opocher s ( 2005 ) survey where there were nine male participants and merely one female participants. The best ratio of male: female was either Moalla ( 2006 ) survey with 44 males and 39 females. This is of import as I believe work forces and adult females react otherwise to exercising. Capable Numberss is besides a big job with these surveies. Due to most of the surveies merely looking at the kids that have had surgery in their trust or infirmary they have decreased their capable Numberss and none of the surveies look at the effects on big figure of topics on a national graduated table. The surveies that looked at cardiac rehabilitation all have capable Numberss under 16 which is a really large restriction. The lone surveies that have larger Numberss are the 1s that look at exercising capacity after surgery. By holding participants that are merely from the immediate country of the survey base besides means you do non acquire a generalized position of everyone nationally and you may non cover different kids from different backgrounds socially and economically and so may hold different attitudes to rehabilitation, intervention and self-management. Surveies with participants that are non generalised to their population group can therefore bring forth a prejudice consequence to that specific population group. Besides holding different backgrounds of participants is of import in measuring their conformity and what single exercising programme they should be given. Having a specific age scope is peculiarly of import as many of the topics may be inappropriate for the programme due to their age. Some of the topics may be excessively immature and utilizing topics that are under six old ages old would be inappropriate due to the topics being excessively immature to understand the instructions of the survey. Using older topics may besides do different consequences as their organic structures have had longer to recover independent map and the organic structure has had clip to counterbalance for a deficiency in cardiorespiratory map. I think it is of import to maintain variables every bit compendious as possible and tests should be able t o based on one variable entirely and genuinely work on whether surgery or exercising has an consequence on that variable independently. Effectss of Cardiac Rehabilitation The surveies looking at cardiac rehabilitation all have an exercising programme set up for their patients either at place ( Moalla 2006 ) or in an outpatient scene ( Ruttenberg 1983 ) . These Sessionss runing in therapy clip from one hr surrogate yearss to one hr one time a hebdomad, all show an addition in either cardiorespiratory public presentation or in exercising tolerance. This shows that a rehabilitation programme is appropriate for these patients and does hold a positive consequence on the participant s life. Rhodes surveies ( 2005/6 ) had the greatest consequence on the patient s concluding result. Not merely did most of the proving consequence in important effects but the big scope of result steps used agencies that we can measure non merely the cardiovascular public presentation of the participant but besides look at the pneumonic effects of the exercising and their effects of the bosom and the cardiac system. What we can besides see from this reappraisal is that the cardiac rehabilitation programmes are going more important in consequences as the surveies get newer. This is a good index that current programmes are being effectual in their rehabilitation ( Opocher 2005, Rhodes 2005/6, Moalla 2006 ) and that newer techniques and more cognition on exercising has lead to better run categories which non merely better consequences more systematically than the older surveies and that the effects from an initial programme can besides be maintained for 6months after intercession ( Rhodes 2006 ) . Effectss of Cardiovascular Surgery Two of the surveies looking at effects of surgery merely have exercising testing after the surgery. The survey by Arvidsson merely used the figure of athleticss Sessionss a hebdomad that the participant goes to after the surgery. Therefore a direct comparing between their before and after the surgery ability can non be done and so the survey is merely looking at their athleticss engagement after surgery and non the effects of the surgery. However these surveies do demo that after surgery kids s exercising tolerance additions to the degree that healthy participants are accomplishing ( Zaccara 2003 ) and they are take parting in equal sums of athleticss engagement following surgery ( Arvidsson 2009 ) Future thoughts In future surveies, long term effects of cardiac rehabilitation should be researched, with a follow-up trial of a least a twelvemonth after their rehabilitation to see if the participant is now more active. I besides think a control group should be used in the survey to look at the effects of non-surgical patients that besides participate in cardiac rehabilitation. This is to measure whether the betterment seen during cardiac rehabilitation is non merely a response to any exercising and that if a kid went back to normalcy and take parting in athleticss so they will merely be as exercising tolerant as kids who do non hold CHD. Besides I would propose that an exercising programme for the patients that is more functional but besides merriment and exciting for the patient should be used to increase conformity and besides enjoyment for the participants and their parents. Decision In decision, Cardiac surgery is a normally used signifier of cut downing inborn bosom defects and has been shown by these surveies that the surgery does hold an betterment on the patient s cardiorespiratory public presentation. I have besides found that a cardiac rehabilitation programme is good for pediatric patients after cardiac surgery for inborn bosom defects. References/ Bibliography Arvidsson, D ( 2009 ) Physical Activity, athleticss engagement and aerophilic fittingness in kids who have undergone surgery for inborn bosom defects. Acta Paediatrica 98 pp. 1475-1482 Balfour, I. ( 1991 ) Pediatric Cardiac Rehabilitation. AJDC- Volume 145 pp. 627-630 Bradley, L. ( 1985 ) Consequence of Intense Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Children After Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot or Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 56 pp.816-818 Burke, L. ( 1997 ) Conformity with cardiovascular disease bar schemes: A reappraisal of the research. Annalss of Behavioural Medicine. Volume 19, figure 3, pp. 239-263 Cullen, S. ( 1991 ) Exercise in Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiology in the Young ; 1: pp. 129-135 Deanfield J. ( 2003 ) Congenital Heart Disease Statistics ( accessed on 8/11/09 ) British Heart Foundation Statistics Database www.heartstats.org disease take part in athletics and in which sort of athletics? Journal Of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7: pp. 234-238 Draper, Dr. Richard ( 2008 ) Congenital Heart Disease in Children ( accessed on 3/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Congenital-Heart-Disease- ( CHD ) -in-Children.htm ECHO ( Evelina Children s Heart Organisation ) ( accessed on 15/11/2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.echo-evelina.org.uk/ Goldberg, B. ( 1981 ) Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance of Children Following Surgical Repair of Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Vol. 68 No.5 pp. 691-699 hypertext transfer protocol: //graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/18088.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/8807.jpg Marino, B. ( 2006 ) Exercise Performance in kids and striplings after the Ross process. Cardiology in the Young 16: 40-47 Miller, T. ( 2005 ) Exercise rehabilitation of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disease. Advancement in Paediatric Cardiology Volume 20, pp. 27-37 Minamisawa, S. ( 2001 ) Consequence of Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Patients After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 88 pp. 695-699 Moalla, W. ( 2006 ) Consequence of exercising preparation on respiratory musculus oxygenation in kids with inborn bosom disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13: 604-611 National Statistics ( 2007 ) Congenital anomaly Statistics Notifications. Office for National Statistics. Series MB3, no.22 Opocher, F. ( 2005 ) Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Children After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Vol. 95 pp.150-152 Picchio F. ( 2006 ) Can a kid who has been operated on for inborn bosom Rhodes J. ( 2006 ) Sustained Effectss of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Children with serious Congenital Heart Disease. Paediatrics Volume 118:3 pp.586-592 Rhodes, J. ( 2005 ) Impact of Cardiac Rehabiliation on the Exercise Function of Children with Serious Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Volume 116:6 pp.1339-1345 Rivers, E. ( 2001 ) Central venous O impregnation monitoring in the critically sick patient. Current Opinion in Critical Care. Volume 7, issue 3, pp. 204-211 Ruttenberg, H. ( 1983 ) Effectss of Exercise Training on Aerobic Fitness in Children after Open Heart Surgery. Pediatric Cardiology Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-24 Sarubbi, B. ( 2000 ) Exercise Capacity in Young Patients after Total Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Paediatric Cardiology 21: 211-215 Tomassoni, T. ( 1996 ) Role of exercising in the direction of cardiovascular disease in kids and young person. Medicine A ; Science in Sports A ; Exercise. Volume 28 ( 4 ) , pp 406-413 Washington RL. Et Al. ( 1994 ) Guidelines for exercising testing in the paediatric age group. Journal of the American Heart Association. Volume 90 ; pp. 2166-2179 Zaccara, A. ( 2003 ) Cardiopulmonary Performances in Young Children and Adolescents Born with Large Abdominal Wall Defects. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 38 ; 3 pp 478-481

Nanoflares Keep Things Hot on the Sun

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Cash flow, gearing and working capital & liquididty ratio analysis Essay

Cash flow, gearing and working capital & liquididty ratio analysis - Essay Example In the year, 2011 the company net cash flows from operating activities was  £3658000 compared in to  £3147000 in 2010. This is 16.42% increase in the cash inflows meaning that the company realized improved cash from its day-to-day operations. From the cash flow statement, the positive improvement can be attributed to the increase in profits from continuing operations from  £2924000 in 2010 to  £3557000 in 2011 (Zytronic, 2011). The increase in depreciation cost on property, plant, and equipment increased the not cash inflows because in determining the net cash inflows the values are added back since the does not account for any actual cash flows. In 2011 for instance, the depreciation value was  £802000 meaning that the company incurred more depreciation cost because of the increase in the assets. The improvement in the cash inflows could be much more if the company could have reduced the values of inventory and receivables in 2011. The increase in inventory from 85 in 2010 to 166 in 2011 and of receivables from  £356000 in 2010 to  £647000 in 2011 is significant and adversely reduced the cash inflow figures in 2011 (Zytronic, 2011). At the same time, the increase in trade and other payables made the net cash flow from operating activities to improve. Finally, tax paid is also a component of the operating cash flows. In 2010, Zytronic paid a tax of  £65000 compared to  £821000 in 2011. The increase in the tax obligation between the two years is attributed to the increase in the profit recorded by the company. Tax is charged as a percentage of profits and therefore an increase in the profits would automatically translate in increased tax expense which as an outflow. The second component of the cash flow statement is the cash flows from the investing activities. Investing activities are those activities that a company puts its resources in order to earn profits, increase its capital assets in

Does the media affect your health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Does the media affect your health - Essay Example In most cases, the use of these mediums can significantly influence not only the way we perceive things in life but also result to the development of our eating habits and the way we perceive or feel about our body images (DArcy and Jan). Seale explained that most of the food and beverage companies are using the media as a platform in advertising their food or beverage products even if these food and beverages does not contain the proper nutrition needed by our body (Seale, Health and media: an overview). For example, multinational companies are more than willing to pay a large sum of money just to advertise their formula-milk on the television. By continuously using the media as a way of persuading mothers to feed their babies with formula-milk, the newborn babies are the ones who suffer from not getting the most of out the health benefits they should receive from breast-feeding (Seale, Media and Health 199). It is also possible for some tobacco companies to take advertise their cigarette products using any of these media as a way of encouraging the people to smoke (Seale, Health and media: an overview). In some cases, people are unconsciously using the Internet or other social networking sites like Facebook or Twitter to make themselves look better off as compared to other people (Falcon). By boosting their ego at the expense of other people, the use of social media networks can somehow cause depression to other people. Aside from the risk of becoming a victim of cyber-bullying (Falcon), the media can also be used to trigger aggressive behaviour possibly due to substance abuse or trigger inappropriate sexual behaviour (DArcy and Jan). Considering all these examples, it is clear that the media can be used to negatively affect the people’s physical, psychological and emotional health. Even though the main purpose of using the media is to entertain or communicate something to the target audiences, there will always be some

Current Macroeconomic Environment And Policy Of Australia Economics Essay

Current Macroeconomic Environment And Policy Of Australia Economics Essay A strong economy displays characteristics of maximizing growth as well as internal and external balance whilst minimising inflation, foreign debts and liabilities. There are various policies in Australia governing the macroeconomics including Fiscal and Monetary policies. Both these policies influence the economy through altering aggregate demand. In the last three years, since the onset of Global Financial Crisis, Australia has applied both expansionary monetary and fiscal policies to increase aggregate demand. There seems to be a general agreement amongst the economists with regards to the success of the monetary policy implemented. However the only general consensus with regards to the effectiveness of the fiscal policy is that there is no consensus. 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Income approach sums the income received by all producers in the country. Problems with using GDP alone as a measure of economic wellbeing is that by itself, GDP does not give any information on income distribution in the country nor takes into account the effect of negative externalities on economic growth such as pollution or the effect of positive externalities such as health and education( Trading Economist, n.d). Taxes and interest rates influence GDP over time. Non economical factors influencing GDP include war, drought, natural and man made disasters. Figure 1. Australia GDP growth rate- Period 2006-2010 Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDPGrowth.aspx?Symbol=AUD#ixzz0i0dpV4ucConf_2009.htm Consumer Price Index The best price index measure is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPI is used to calculate the inflation rate and is also a measure of the change in cost of living over time. Business Cycle Fluctuations in economic activity over a period of time are reflected in the business cycle. Figure 2: Business Cycle Different stages of economy over a period of time Source: http://www.thebluecollarinvestor.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2008/11/business-cycle-graph-better.jpg The growth rate of Real Gross Domestic Product is used for measuring the fluctuations in the business cycle. Economists argue that higher interest rates can motivate the households for savings, and supply more loanable funds in the market, in form of bank deposits. Increased savings results in reducing foreign dependence which in turn accelerates economic growth due to higher investments. McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) cited in Shrestha, M. B., Chowdhury, K. 2005, further assert that higher real interest rate also helps channel the capital to the most efficient industries and help development and technological advancement leading to economic growth. The aforementioned reiterates the fact that both fiscal and monetary policies are used to smooth out the business cycle. Commodity Prices and Trade One of the key contributors to Australias economic condition is the international economic activities in particular the commodity prices which is reflected in the Terms of Trade i.e. ratio of exports to imports prices (White, 1994). Since Australias export of commodities is large and the import is relatively stable, the world economy trades more with Australia hence strong Term of Trade is one of the key reasons for an increase in standard of living in Australia. The recent rise in global commodity prices due to increase demand in China and a drop in the price of imports mainly from China has allowed Australia to achieve a higher Term of Trade above its average. In 2005 Australia entered into an agreement with the US on Free Trade (Australian US free Trade Agreement- AUSFTA). Other countries that have FTA with Australia include New Zealand, Singapore, China, Japan, Malaysia and South Korea (Travel Document System, n.d). Farm output Farm output also appears to be a key determinant of the economic activity of Australia. This is influenced by factors such as drought. For instance, the major drought of 1980s was one of the key contributors to the disparities between the growth in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and Australia (White, 1994). Government spending Government spending in infrastructure such as water, transport, telecommunication, education and health are aimed to expand Australias supply capacity such as plans to improve irrigation infrastructure and buy back unused water allocation along the Murray-Darling river. Environment: climate change Climate change must also be mentioned in this context. A report commissioned by the former Howard government recommended a domestic carbon emission scheme emphasizing that Australia should have an active role in developing a global carbon emissions trading scheme. The Rudd government aims to introduce a carbon trading system by 2011 and reduce emissions by 5% by 2020 (from 2000 levels). Interest Rates Interest rate is defined as the percentage rate per annum that a borrower pays to the lender or the cash rate which is the rate charged on overnight loans between the financial intermediaries. Interest rate has a negative effect on the money demand as shown below. Australia is a price-taker in global capital markets, so the Australian interest rates move with the global financial market trends. Interest rates are generally higher in Australia and New Zealand compared to the international standards largely due to strong fiscal policies relative to other developed countries (Kirchner, 2007, p. 11-15). In Australia, the Reserve Bank (RBA) determines the interest rate. It does so by changing the amount of money supplied, in other words by altering the equilibrium quantity of money supplied and money demanded. Australias interest rate is currently at 4.0 percent according to the data published by the Trading Economics in March 2010. Table 1. As at 31.03.2010, Australia has the highest interest rate amongst developed countries. The Reserve Bank of Australia 4% Bank of Canada 0.25% Bank of England 0.5% Bank of Japan 0.1% European Central Bank 1% Federal Reserve 0.25% Swiss National Bank 0.25% Source: http://www.fxstreet.com/fundamental/interest-rates-table/ Figure 3. A graphical demonstration of the effect of change in money supply on the interest rate. Source: Source: (Liu, EC 5103 supplementary notes, 2009) Figure 4. Australias Interest Rate- Period 2000-2010 Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Unemploymentrate.aspx?Symbol=AUD#ixzz0i0ejiErm Unemployment rate Unemployment rate refers to the % labour force that are unemployed and actively pursuing a job. The unemployment rate is negatively related to the real GDP i.e. falling GDP results in an increase in unemployment and vice versa. As at January 2010 based on data published by Trading Economics the unemployment rate is 5.30 percent. Figure 5. Australia unemployment rate Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Unemploymentrate.aspx?Symbol=AUD#ixzz0i0ejiErm Inflation rate Inflation rate refers to the % rate of increase in the average level of prices measured against a standard level of purchasing in the economy. According to the latest figures published by the Trading Economics the Inflation rate was 2.10 percent in December 2009. Inflation rate is best reflected in the CPI or the GDP deflator. Figure 6. Australia Inflation rate based on CPI- Period 2008-2010 Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/InflationCPI.aspx?Symbol=AUD#ixzz0i0eRh6VH Consumer Credit One of the major contributing factors that led to the recent Global Financial Crisis was the lack of regulation with relation to consumer credit originating in the United States. Money for institutions to borrow and lend was easily accessible which eventuated in sub-prime mortgages and what has come to be known as NINJA loans (No Income No Job or Assets). This toxic debt was then sold globally through various hedge funds. Although affected by the rest of the world through the freezing of credit markets, Australia has managed to remain in relatively stable position in comparison to the rest of the major economies. This, in part, can be attributed to the regulations enforced through the Consumer Credit Code (Appendix 1). Constant reviews and amendments of macroeconomic policy in relation to consumer credit regulation have contributed to Australias robust financial system in comparison to the majority of other developed nations  [1]  . Gold and Foreign Currency reserves The Reserve bank of Australia (RBA) has the responsibility of owning and managing the foreign currency and reserves for Australia  [2]  . On average, countries hold 10 per cent of their reserves in gold, although the proportion varies widely from one country to another. The Reserve Bank of Australia holds just 80 tones of gold, or 6 per cent of its total foreign reserves. The bank sold down its gold holdings in 1997 and its reserves are now largely held in US Treasuries and other government bonds. The reserves are used, when required, to keep the Australian dollar steady in times of volatility. (Bourlioufas,N. 2008). Several reasons exist for the reduction in gold holdings for Australia such as: Lack of income that it produces The cost of storage/security Inability to put value behind the Australian Dollar. Appendix 2 displays the RBAs current reserve holdings for 2009/2010. The amounts are displayed in Australian dollars and are subject to movement based on current exchange rates. Taxation (GST) One of the many aspects in taxation is the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which is a value added tax on the supply of goods and services in Australia. Until the introduction of the GST, Australia operated a Wholesale Sales Tax (WST), which imposed a tax on wholesale of goods. The GST was introduced to bridge the unfair tax gaps between service based businesses and suppliers of goods (GST Australia, 2009). In Australia the GST is levied at a flat 10%, which is collected from the buyer, which shifts the demand curve downward by the size of the tax, which effectively means both buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax (Mankiw, 2008). National income and output Measures of national income and output are used as an estimate of total economic activity by including Gross domestic profit, gross national product, and net national income. Each of these aspects is in relation with the total amount of goods and services within a country. The National income and output values are of importance for a variety of users such as the Reserve bank, academics, and private as well as the Australian government to allow the government to make interventions into the economy based off current and accurate information, as well. (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2008) Macroeconomic Policies in Australia The goals of economic policy makers are: Maintaining real GDP growth constant and positive Maintaining unemployment rate low Minimising inflation The most important contributor to the economic growth is aggregate demand (effecting GDP). Both monetary and fiscal policies effect aggregate demand. How is this game being played? Should RBA consider a looser fiscal policy when determining interest rates? Or should the government consider the possibility of a rate cut when deciding on fiscal stimulus? Aggregate Demand (AD= C+I+G+NX) is effected by factors such as: Capital investment boom Rise/fall of exchange rate Consumer boom in a country that Australia has trade agreement with A boom in housing market A share price slump Unexpected cut/rise in interest rate Monetary policy Monetary Policy through the effect of the exchange rate influences the economy. Exchange rates also influence the inflation which in turn affects the trade (export and import). Exchange rates are influenced by factors such as commodity prices and interest rates. This reiterates how the determinants of macroeconomics are intertwined. Monetary policy is set by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to influence the supply (availability) of money and credit within the economy in an effort to stimulate growth and stabilise the financial system. Monetary policy influences the interest rates through purchasing and selling of government bonds. When RBA purchases government bonds to increase liquidity, it results a lower interest rate and lower unemployment. During the periods of high inflation, RBA sells government bonds resulting in an increase in interest rates. Effects of monetary policies are: In short term, a tight monetary policy results in a decrease in the prices of Goods and Services as well as higher disposable incomes hence an increase in the households demands. In long term, household demands decrease due to reduced income and increased unemployment. Reserve Bank Act 1959 establishes the objectives of the monetary policies  [3]  . Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy targets both consumption and capital spending. It influences economic activities through government budget. The budget is announced yearly in May stating the government Revenue (T) and Expenditure (G). By varying the amount of spending, a fiscal policy may achieve one of the following: Fiscal surplus- when G Fiscal deficit- when T Balanced budget- when T=G When government wishes to stimulate economic growth, it applies an expansionary fiscal policy through increase in government spending and tax cuts which in turn increase consumption and investment. On the contrary, if government decides to slow down the economy, it applies a contractionary fiscal policy. Global Financial Crisis and Australias Response Deteriorating housing market in the US was the trigger to the onset of GFC in the world. Banks tightened lending policies; credit became more expensive and this led to a restrained aggregate demand resulting in weakness in world economic activity. The policies of governments around the world in response to GFC were aimed to address these weaknesses. Since the onset of GFC in 2007 Australia has responded by conducting monetary and fiscal policies. Both Short term and long term implications of these policies have to be considered to determine their effectiveness Analysis of Australias Monetary Policy in response to GFC During the GFC, expansionary monetary policies were implemented in Australia in response to the contraction in aggregate demand. RBA increased liquidity through multiple purchases of government bonds resulting in a decrease in interest rate through shifting the LM curve down and IS curve left. Figure 7. Shifts in LM and IS curve reflecting on the interest rate Source: http://www.rba.gov.au/econ-compet/2009/pdf/second-prize.pdf The lower interest rate led to a decrease in cost of borrowing which resulted in lower incentive for saving and ultimately led to an increase in consumption which resulted in the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right (figure 8). Figure 8. Expansionary Monetary Policy and its effect on Aggregate Demand Source: http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/briggsp/Macroeconomics/Chap_34_MonetaryFiscal.pdf Analysis of Australias Fiscal Policy in response to GFC The $42 billion economic stimulus plan of Rudd government between December 2008 and February 2009was intended to stimulate aggregate demand (Treasury, 2009). The focus of this package was mostly on investment in infrastructure which was predicted to have a larger effect on the economy in long run than in short run (Australian Government, 2010). It also provided incentives to housing as well as cash bonuses to stimulate consumption in short run. The inherent weakness of such cash bonuses is where people save their bonuses instead of spending it. Figures published by ABS demonstrate that immediately after the stimulus payments were made, there was a massive hit on spending by Australians households but this slowed down after 3 months (Insider retailing, 2010). According to the latest figures published by Trading Economics on 03.03.2010 and ABS, Australias economy grew at the fastest pace in the last quarter in almost 2 years. Table 2 demonstrates some of these figures published in this report. Table2: Australias economic figures March 2010. Percent Increase/Decrease % Comparison Period GDP à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 0.9 Last Quarter Growth à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 2.7 Last Year Current Account à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 19 to $17,459 b at December 2009 September 2009 Machinery Equipment spending à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 10.9 Last Quarter Households spending à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ1.8 Last Quarter Unemployment rate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" to 5.3 Last 11 months Australian Dollar à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ against $US and  £ British 25 year high against  £ British Interest rate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ by 0.25 Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDPGrowth.aspx?Symbol=AUD#ixzz0i0diuCw6 Also http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/mf/5302.0/ Economists believe that the underlying reason for Australias Economic performance is Rudds Government stimulus package as well as increase in export however the widened account deficit of 19% in December 2009 figures is mainly due to an increase in imports. One of the consequences of this is expected to be a 1.3% decrease in Australias GDP therefore the recovery period is going to be weak (Market watch, 2010). Figure 9.Effect of fiscal stimulus on real GDP (forecasts from May 2009 Budget) Source: http://www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1686/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=Australian_Business_Economists_Annual_Forecasting_Conf_2009.htm The unemployment rate has dropped by 5.3% and the number of people employed has increased by 52700. This will put more pressure on RBA to increase interest (The Australian, n.d). Figure10. Effect of fiscal stimulus on the unemployment rate (forecasts from May 2009 Budget) Source: http://www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1686/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=Australian_Business_Economists_Annual_Forecasting Treasury secretary Ken Henry warns of the adverse shocks to financial markets despite the fact that GFC seems to have passed. Further more he explains that fiscal circumstances improve as the economy strengthens. As the economy strengthens, other things being equal, there is increasing upward pressure on prices and monetary responses to that (The Australian, n.d). In his book The Great Crash of 2008, the economic advisor Ross Garnaut, warns Kevin Rudd of hard times ahead in terms of lower living standards and economic wellbeing as a result of stimulus response to GFC (The Australian, October2009). Garnauts point of view is also shared by many other economists who consider the stimulus package a dangerous revival of a discredited Keynesianism which focuses on the short term aggregate spending as the source of growth in the economy. Some point out that fiscal policies result in an interest rate rise which has a crowding out effect on the expansion due to export and import. Hence they argue the ineffectiveness of Australias fiscal policy. The supporters of Stimulus package on the other hand argue that the spending avoided further economic contraction at the right time boosting consumers and businesss confidence and hence avoiding a recession. They also argue back with regards to trade issue pointed above, in the sense that Australias trade share is 47% of GDP which is less than the 60% quoted in previous studies as a benchmark of ineffectiveness of fiscal stimulus. They therefore argue that because of the lower trade share the fiscal stimulus has been effective in Australia (The Australian, n.d). Irving Fischer, the renowned American economist contributed to the economics in many ways one of which is his theory of Inter-Temporal Choice, which describes that through time savings, interest rates and investments are related(The Australian, n.d.). His theory highlights that present economic decisions have to have the future in mind  [4]  . Discussion There has been increasing concern amongst the economists in Australia about the sustainability of the fiscal policy in particular with regards to a solution for the current government deficit of $17.459 billion (Table 1). Australia has had challenging times in maintaining a stable economic condition. The recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC) that started in 2007 imposed great pressure on the economy. Nevertheless implementation of the fiscal and monetary policies achieved a better than expected performance by the economy (Budget, 2009-10), with forecasts of stronger growth and lower unemployment. Rudds Stimulus package through its fiscal expansionary characteristics seems to have been an appropriate response to the GFC in stabilizing the output levels however there is great concerns regarding the future of the economy. Did our politicians throw in a Keynesian based fiscal stimulus package without consideration of future consequences of it? Was there any vote buying elements incorporated in the design of it? There is a general consensus amongst the economists on the effectiveness of lowering interest rates as a monetary response to GFC by RBA which was also assisted by a depreciated exchange rate. On the other hand the fiscal policy has generated a lot of debate amongst the economists with no consensus on its effectiveness in sight. This is mainly due to the long lasting effect of the fiscal stimulus as oppose to short term, temporary and more reversible effect of the monetary stimulus. Kevin Rudds Fiscal stimulation concentrated on aggregate spending in short term to boost economic growth as per the Keynesian model. This has been proven to be the case in Australia however the unproductiveness of this large scale spending and the deficit resulting from it is far from a perfect economic condition. Does Kevin Rudd share the thought with John Maynard Keynes of in the long run we are all dead? If so are we, the Australian people supposed to suffer the consequences of his 17 billion dollars debt through our taxes, higher interest rates and higher inflation? If Irving Fisher was alive and if he was with Kevin Rudd when he was signing on the stimulus package, perhaps he would have reminded the prime minister that although his short term fiscal stimulus policy would increase public spending, it would show no regards to achieving long term high standard of living for Australian people. The side effects of the fiscal cash out include: Increasing future taxes to pay for the debts Higher interest Likelihood of inflation (as history shows us that the easiest way out of public debt has traditionally involved money creation). So was Kevin Rudds big night out worth the next days hangover of a budget deficit that adds to public debts which would further drain the economy? Or has the government designed an appropriate fiscal rebalancing strategy that it hasnt shared with Australian public yet?

Kuleshov Effect Essay

Montage is one of the three important steps in cinematographic creation, with pre-production and shooting. Technically, it is the action of cutting, pasting and putting together shots. It helps creating rhythm, meaning and order to the story. Montage is an art form : with the same shots, you can express thousands of different feelings and visions according to the montage used. Kuleshov, a Russian filmmaker in the 1920’s, is the first one to write about this theory, now known as the ‘Kuleshov Effect’. This theory is used everywhere now (advertisement, news paper†¦). The Kuleshov Effect theory is that every shot depends on the context, of what happened before and what will happen after. Kuleshov discovered that the viewer creates his own interpretation of what he sees on the screen. For example, with the shot of a man with no expression on his face, he can create the impression of hunger when putting a shot with food right after, or of sadness with a shot of a dead person, or of kindness with the shot of a little girl playing. This theory can be summarized with the formula A + B = C ; ‘A’ being the first shot, ‘B’ the second one, and ‘C’ the meaning the viewer’s mind creates by putting those two shots together. So the Kuleshov Effect is very powerful. When we had to work on a project using the Kuleshov Effect, with my teammates, Giovanna and Christian, we first decided to create a funny story. So we decided to do a funny final twist for our first work. The first shot, the ‘A’, was a boy running in the hallway, as if he was in a hurry to go to some very important place. The second shot was him looking desperately to something, and then the camera moved to the student store’s sign saying : ‘Closed’. So the emotion the viewer has when he sees the whole video is disappointment, because he was waiting for something very important to happen. But if we had used the same first shot with another ‘B’ shot, for example a policeman running, or someone dying in a hospital bed, the emotion would not have been the same. For our second work, we chose to do something more typical, like what Kuleshov did for his own experiment. So we shot the face of a boy, with no expression, for the ‘A’ shot. Then we shot three different situations : a vending machine (B1), a Tic tac toe (B2), and a girl walking in the hallway (B3). The idea was to show that with the same ‘A’ shot, put with different ‘B’ shots, a different emotion could be created ; A+B1 shows hunger, A+B2 shows focusing, and A+B3 shows attraction. To have the best shots as possible, we learned how to white balance a camera, which was not very easy since we had to do it manually ! When we started shooting, we had a very good time looking for how we should put the camera to have the greatest shot as possible ; it was very fun because we felt like real filmmakers. For example for our shot of the boy running in the hallway, we first wanted to use a pan and follow the boy running, but then we realized that the result was not as powerful as we would expect it to be, so we chose to use a steady shot instead, with an eye-level angle and a long shot to see the whole movement. Then another interesting shot in my opinion was the one of the ‘CLOSED’ placard ; we decided to use a tilt movement of the camera down to up, which was a smart choice I think because it seemed that the boy who was squat on the floor after running was looking up to the sign. For the second part of the work, we only used steady shots because we thought it would be more powerful for the experiment of the Kuleshov Effect. The face of the boy with no expression is a Close Up and Eye Level shot, because we learned that a close up was the best way to show the expressions of someone, and the goal of this shot was for the viewer to create his own emotion for that particular shot. But shooting is not the easiest thing of the world, most of the time we had to do the shots twice because the angle was not good, or the camera not white balanced enough. For the montage with FinalCutProX, we discovered that we could cut some of the shot we had, to reduce their length. That was a very effective feature for us because some of our shots tended to be too long for their purpose, for example to create suspense. Another really important feature of the software, of course, is that it allows you to place your shots as you want, and not especially in the order you shot them, which was great because sometimes we did not film our shots in the order we wanted them to appear in the final video. So montage is really a key step in the process of filmmaking.

The Earth Charter - 2229 Words

Stoyanov, Alex Contemporary Poli Thought Final Paper The Earth Charter is a radical document that tries to offer solutions to help the world and all of mankind to try and find a level of sustainability. Through Jean Paul Sartre’s theories and ideologies, I try and find my own voice and ideals of how I personally feel about the Earth Charter. Many people have tried to figure out what they could do, with little success, to fix the Earth and save it from ourselves. Though it is a start, the Earth Charter simply does not have a clear and concise plan of what needs to be done. Jean Paul Sartre’s conceptualizations of justice and power and how power should be organized make the Earth Charter an unjust document. Question 1 Nietzsche†¦show more content†¦French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault conceptualized justice as an ever changing product of man. He uses the example of the regicide trial of Robert-Francois Dameins as a prime example of how justice is ever changing.3 In the year of 1757 Damiens was publicly executed by drawing and quartering, a form of execution in which Convicts were fastened to a hurdle, or wooden panel, and drawn by horse to the place of execution, where they were hanged (almost to the point of death), emasculated, disemboweled, beheaded and chopped into four pieces. Foucault mentions this because of the fact that less than a 100 years later the first modern prisons are created and rules for them are identified. It shows the huge change that has happened with justice, when in which hanging and quartering at a time was found to be a just form of capital punishment, now it is considered inhumane and cruel. Justice must always question itself,† Foucault argues, â€Å"just as society can exist only by means of the work it does on itself and on its institutions4. The Earth Charter, though it has a good message, is seriously flawed and it is impossible for me to fully accept it with authenticity and sincerity. It serves as a kind of Ten Commandments for promoting a healthy planet and a sustainable future for it. It wants people to eradicate the major problems that concern our world such as poverty, discrimination, global warming, over using of natural resources and many otherShow MoreRelatedThe Earth Charter : A Declaration Of Fundamental Principles1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe Earth Charter is a declaration of fundamental principles for building a safe, sustainable, and peaceful world. It strives to identify the critical challenges and choices facing humanity. The Earth Charter provides moral framework for the development of the emerging global civilization. It is designed to inspire people to have a new sense of global interdependence and shared responsibility for the well-being of the humanity, life, and future generations. 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The Vital Role Behind Financial Management Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2729 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? A business needs money for their day to day business and other expenses. Businesses have to find ways to finance the business. For that there are so many sources of Finance. Also there are different classifications of sources of finance. The main classification is external and internal. Sources of Finance Internal Sources of Finance External Sources of Finance Personal Savings Share Capitals Retained Earnings Preferential Share capital Working Capital Management Ordinary Share Capital Sales of Assets Debentures Bonds Overdraft Facilities Hire Purchase Leasing Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Vital Role Behind Financial Management Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Internal Sources: Personal Savings In very lament terms personal savings means the money that the proprietor or the business owner disposal. If he has invested that money then that money categorized under personal savings. He can reinvested that money either his own or in any other business. Retained Earnings The total earning that the company retained at their disposal without paying to the share holders as dividend. Most companies invest that retained earnings in their own. Retained earnings are recorded in the Balance Sheet. Working Capital Management Working Capital is how much a company has liquid assets in order to develop its business. And the working capital management is a managerial strategy in order to manage current liabilities and current assets of the organization. Sales of Assets An organization can make funds with the proceeds of sale of an asset. Although it is not a recommended source of finance still the business can make fund. External Sources: Share Capital This is a very common fund raising method of a company. Company issues common or preferential shares to the public. Buyers of the Share capital become owners of the company and they have the right over the companys operation up to certain limits. This is also known as Equity Financing. There are two main aspects in Share capital Preferential Share Capital Preferential Share holders also get the ownership to the company and they have the privilege of dividend. Ordinary Share Capital Ordinary share holders get the equity ownership to the company and these are the most common shares in business world. These ordinary share holders have the right to vote at the companys Annual General Meeting. But they are the people who get their shares at last at the time of liquidation of a company. Therefore in that manner ordinary share holders falls under high risk category. Debentures Debentures are unsecured debt instrument. That means it has not been secured by collateral or any other physical asset. These debentures are categorized under medium and long term liabilities. Debenture holders have no right in voting and they are entitled for a debenture interest. Bonds Bonds are commonly known as securities and those are fixed income securities. Bonds are just like loans and bonds provide the borrowers with external funds to invest in the long term investments. Bonds must be repaid. Overdraft Facilities An overdraft is a short term source of finance. Overdraft is a facility provided by a bank for the company under their company current account. Banks allow the business to pay an agreed sum certain excess amount through their account. Usually banks charge high interest rate on overdrafts and they consider several things before granting facility. The business has to go under an credit risk evaluation process to get the overdraft facility approved. Hire Purchase Goods can be purchased under a fixed period installment loan. The purchased item is kept on under lien and it is the only security has over the loan. During the installment period the buyer has the possession of the item where only can use it but not the ownership. Leasing Leasing is a some sort of a contract. This can be used to obtain some fixed assets. There are mainly two parties involved. In a contract its lesser and Lessee. In a tenancy its tenant and landlord. The consideration to a lease is rent. b). Advantages Disadvantages Personal Savings Reliance on external unforeseen events is very less. There are restricted source of capital Retained Earnings Easy and direct access. There is no requirement of repaying as in debts. No operating cost involved as in other sources of finance. It takes long time to generate funds. Reduces the liquidity of the company. -There is an opportunity cost involved. Working Capital Management a ready source of quick funds adverse effect on the cash flow Sales of Assets less operational fee and cost would be incur many losses Share Capital No fixed interest responsibility Easily available in initial stages of business In case of small businesses good advice can be obtained from equity share holders Dilution of Control Some (IOP) initial public offering are expensive to administer Debentures Maintain ownership Tax Deduction Lower Effective Interest Rate Repayment even in difficu lt business situation Even after tax advantage interest rates can still be inflated Impacts on credit rating due to undue debt Bonds Bond holders get interest and are paid principal on a fixed date Some bonds dont get interest as an alternative they are issued at a discount and redeemed at par They are normally issued by underwriters Overdraft Facilities In case of a loan interest is paid on the total amount weather utilised or not, however in the case of an overdraft it is limited only to the amount really used Flexible- accessible when you want it facilitates keep up cash flow speedy source to increase finance immediate recall by banks (if terms and conditions apply) in case borrower fail to pay, bank amends plan or there is a break of condition by the borrower require to sheltered against business assets Hire Purchase extend the cost of finance so companies dont have to take big loans for investments free of charge credit Higher approval rates because of present of a guarantee protection clients can get benefits of a sale or discount still with inadequate funds Put extra monthly debt weight on clients No ownership title till last payment is paid Needs credit checks which can reject some clients from benefitting The seller can retrieve goods if less than 1/3rd has been paid. Seller be also able to take court consent for those goods on which more than 1/3rd has been paid to reclaim them Leasing No massive investment Less extra guarantee needed Tax compensation Its trouble-free to budget a steady amount paid towards a lease then to funds a lump sum amount No right to the goods No long term cost Accountable for any maintenance expenses Ms.Raman Grewals lecture notes c). Constructing a high way in Sudan is a vast project which the company will have to spend a lot of money in that. There for the company may be given to seek for necessary financial support from others. That mean the company should be financed by third party financial institutions or companies. In this case should not use any short term financial sources like band overdrafts and shout term loans. Because the company will get the proceeds and benefit of construction the highway in Sudan only after some times. Therefore if the companies go for a short term financial method the company may run out or money and they might face many difficulties to paying it back. There for company should always go for long term financing methods such as venture capital, grants, loads, retained earnings, hire purchase (Long term) and share holders capital. Venture capital: This would be categorized under the best method of financial the company for the project. In this case a wealthy Entrepreneurial company or an individual would invest on the project. This large company normally well experienced and wealthy companies. Since our company is new to the trade and this is our first international project we can seek for venture capitalists help in order to proceed with the project Getting networking opportunities and helping in getting initial public offering would be advantages to the company. But most of the venture capitalists are more expensive and very hard to effort such amount at the initial stages. Grants: Grants could be getting from local or national governments. Since this and international project government could be able to finance on this. They can provide the command with large monetary rewords. Also if the company would make grants available from the governments other private sources would be willing the reward the company with financial supports. But most of the time governments are reluctant to finance on these type of projects and there is a very lengthy procedures. Also government would come out with some predefined rules and regulations when hard to meet with. Loans: Getting a loan from bank for this type of project would be hard. Because in this case you will have to provide collateral in order to get the loan granted. Also Sudan is categorized under high risk country and based on the country risk bands may not willing to grant the company on the project. But the company may seek opportunities to get a loan from a organization like world bank or from any (NGO) Non Government Organization. Hire Purchase (Long Term): Company may go for long term hire purchasing in buying machinery and equipments for the construction project. All those machineries are heavy and big machineries and sometimes they will have to look for foreign hire purchases in order to fulfill their requirements. Rather buying those complex and big equipments and machineries company may hire those from another constructing company which proceed these type of vast projects would be a best method of acquiring equipments. Also this would be a good method in monetary terms. :: QUESTION 2 a). Source of finance Cost to the Company share capital Dividend Company may have to pay dividend from their earnings or profits to the ordinary share holders and preferential share holders Retained earnings/Personal savings Opportunity cost There will be an opportunity cost of retained earnings. In most of the cases retained earnings are in the mean of bank money or invested in any other means. So there will be a debit tax or withdrawal tax on that amount Loans/ Long term loans/ Bank OD/ Short term loans/ Debentures/ Bonds Interest The company has to pay an interest to the bank/ mortgage company or financial institution for the facility that they have obtained Leasing Monthly installment Company will have to pay a predetermined fixed monthly installment covering the principal amount and the interest component b). A company is basically done financial planning before the financial year starts. In every year they allocate some funds fo r expenses and invest money in different money generating financial sources in order to produce more money by looking at the last financial years profits and expenses. Basically most companies prepare cash budget in order to monitor their income and expenses. In other words to monitor their cash inflows and cash outflows. If the company is keen to do proper financial planning at the beginning of the financial year company can run their business during the whole year without any hazel. Overtrading Means: Performing more business other than the companys working capital be able to usually continue, therefore damages on insolvency, or cash flow will be reduced. Securities trading means extreme buying and selling actions by an agent in an effort to take out more charges or fees from customers. https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/overtrading.html, date accessed19/07/2010 Also having a proper financial planning would lead the company to have proper cash budge ting and avoid overtrading. c). Information needed for decision makers would be as follows, Gross and net profit of the company Expenses paid out and the pattern of the spending money Liabilities taken from third party companies and individuals Value of assets that the company have under them Total earnings of the company Value of debts and amount paid as dividend for them Retained earnings Investments or the company d). Sources of finance, shows up in the balance sheet Working capital Share capital Sale of assets Debentures Bonds Sources of finance, shows up in profit and loss account Overdrafts Hire purchases :: QUESTION 3 a). Angus Ltd Cash Budget For the period of September to February Figures in pound; Particulars September October November December January February Cash Inflow Cash Sales Credit Sales Tot. Cash inflow Cash Outflow Vehicles Overheads Purchases Tot. Cash outflow Opening Balance Cash Inflow Cash outflow Loan / Deficit 3,000 3,250 4,000 3,250 4,500 3,250 4,500 3,250 0 2,200 0 2,200 6,250 2,200 2,500 7,250 3,500 2,200 2,500 7,750 2,200 2,500 7,750 2,200 2,500 (2,200) 25,000 0 (2,200) (2,200) 22,800 0 (2,200) (4,700) 20,600 6,250 (4,700) (8,200) 22,050 7,250 (8,200) (4,700) 21,100 7,750 (4,700) (4,700) 24,150 7,750 (4,700) 22,800 20,600 22,050 21,100 24,150 27,200 b). Prada Manufacturing Fine Jewelry Per one silver ring Silver 8 grams Cost of Silver pound; 15 per gram Labor time taken 2.5 hours Labor cost pound; 20 per hour Polishing time 40 min Polishing labor cost pound; 8 per hour Total factory direct cost(for 500 rings) pound; 10,000 Direct cost per ring pound; 10,000 / 500 pound; 20 Price to produce one ring Silver cost 8 x 15 = pound;20.00 Labor cost 20 x 2.5 = pound;50.00 Polishing Cost 8 x 40/60 = pound; 5.33 Direct cost 10,000 / 500 = pound; 20.00 pound;195.33 Cost to produce 60 rings 195.33 x 60 = pound; 11,719.80 c). The Sunrise Ltd Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Sales unit SP / Unit Sales Direct Mat cost p/unit 5.75 VC / unit 5 FC / unit 4.5 Total Direct Material Cost Gross Profit Total Variable Cost Total Fixed cost Advertisement Depreciation (750,000/4) Net Profit Tax Net Profit after Tax Depreciation Cash Flow 100,000 30 3,000,000 575,000 2,425,000 500,000 450,000 550,000 187,500 737,500 147,500 590,000 187,500 777,500 80,000 25 2,000,000 460,000 1,540,000 400,000 360,000 230,000 187,500 362,500 725,000 290,000 187,500 477,500 70,000 20 1,400,000 402,500 997,500 350,000 315,000 187,500 145,000 29,000 116,000 187,500 303,500 55,000 15 825,000 316,250 508,750 275,000 247,500 187,500 (201,250) (201,250) 187,500 (13,750) Net presented value for the year 1 for 10%: = 0.909 x 777,500 = 706,747.5 Net presented value for the year 2 for 10%: = 0.909 x 477,500 = 434,047.5 Net presented value for the year 3 for 10%: = 0.909 x 303,500 = 275,881.5 Net presented value for the year 4 for 10%: = 0.909 x (13,750) = (12,498.75) 706,747.5 + 434,047.5 + 275,881.5 + (12,498.75) = 1,404,177.80 If the net presented value is greater than 0 is accepted and if the net presented value is smaller than 0 then the project is a waste and pointless of investing on the project. That means, if NPV gt; 0 , accepted and if NPV lt; 0 rejected. :: QUESTION 4 A). Profit and loss account: Profit and loss account shows an income and expenses for particular financial period. This is also known as income statement or Trading profit and loss account. Ex: for the period of 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2010 Balance Sheet Balance sheet shows the financial position of the business at the particular point of time and it shows exact values of assets and liabilities the company has with their possession. Ex: As at 31st December 2010 Cash flow statement Cash flow statement is an indication of the cash inflow and outflow of the company during a particular period of time. B). Under accrual based financial accountancy system businesses prepare two different types of financial statement. Income statements Balance Sheet And cash flow statements are mostly prepared in a small medium businesses also if they have different type of pay roles then they always temp to prepare cash flow statements for their easy refer ence. C). Current Ratio / working capital ratio: Current ratio is a method of testing of financial power of the company. It computes how many amounts of assets are probable to be changed in to cash inside a year in order to pay debts. 2008 2007 Current Ratio = Current assets / Current Liabilities = 125,000 / 100,000 = 140,000 /70,000 = 5 : 4 = 2 : 1 Gross profit margin: Although this is not an exact guess of the companys costing policies it gives a better understanding of the companys financial stability. Company may find difficulties in paying out of future expenses of the companys day to day operations without a sufficient gross profit margin. 2008 2007 Gross profit margin = Net Sales Cost of sales / annual sales return = 600,000 300,000 / 600,000 = 650,000 400,000/650,000 = 0.5 = 0.38 Generally gross profit margin of a company ought to be constant. If it is fluctuating time to time it will not be a good indication of the pricing or costing strategies adopted by the company. Also this would directly affect for the cost of sales. Equity Turnover : This ration is to calculate the companys capability of creating sales out of total amount of equity invested. Equity means the share holders wealth (basically ordinary and preferential share holders) invested in the business. Owners equity = Share capital + Retained profits + Net profit If the companys equity turnover ratio is 3 that mean the company will generate 3 pounds of sales for each and every pound invested as equity. 2008 2007 Equity Turn over = Net sales / Average total Equity = 600,000 /170,000 = 650,000 / 220,000 = 3.5 = 2.9 Source https://www.investopedia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/financial-ratios/operating-efficiency-ratios.asp, date accessed 21/07/2010 :: Appendices / Reference Lecturer Raman Grewals Notes www.investopedia.com www.googlesearch.com www.businessdictionary.com