Lucretius and Plato on the Mortality of the Soul Essay Example

Lucretius and Plato on the Mortality of the Soul Essay Patrick McCleery Essay I: Lucretius and Plato on the Mortality of the Soul In this essay it will be argued that the soul is mortal and does not survive the death of the body. As support, the following arguments from Lucretius will be examined: the â€Å"proof from the atomic structure of the soul,† the â€Å"proof from parallelism of mind and body,† the â€Å"proof from the sympatheia of mind and body,† and the â€Å"proof from the structural connection between mind and body. The following arguments from Plato will be used as counterarguments against Lucretius: the â€Å"cyclical argument,† the â€Å"affinity argument,† the â€Å"argument from the form of life,† and the â€Å"recollection argument. † It will be shown that Plato’s premises lack validity and that Lucretius’ position is the more reasonable of the two. The first argument put forward by Lucretius is the â€Å"proof from the atomic structure of the soul. â₠¬  This argument states that the soul is a â€Å"fine material substance,† akin to an invisible gas (Lucretius 3. 425-44). When the vessel that contains a gas shatters, the gas escapes and dissipates. Therefore, when the vessel (body) containing the soul shatters (dies), the soul dissipates. Plato argues that the soul partakes of the Form of Life, and that Forms are eternal and unchanging. Therefore, the soul cannot die. Plato’s argument lacks validity because there is no compelling reason to believe that the soul partakes of the form of life. It is simply taken for granted that â€Å"the soul (mind) is what brings life so the soul (mind) partakes of the form of life. † Plato could be accused of â€Å"begging the question,† or assuming the existence of that which he should be proving. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucretius and Plato on the Mortality of the Soul specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lucretius and Plato on the Mortality of the Soul specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lucretius and Plato on the Mortality of the Soul specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is also called â€Å"arguing in a circle† (Earle 262). It is also worth noting that many of the problems of the ancient arguments regarding the soul result from equivocating â€Å"mind† with â€Å"soul. † The existence of the soul is presupposed as a result of this equivocation. Since people think, they must have souls. For now, we will ignore this problem and focus on Plato and Lucretius’ arguments. A: The soul is a fine-material substance like a gas B: When the vessel containing a gas shatters, the gas dissipates C: When the body shatters (dies), the soul dissipates A ? B ? C A ? B ?C The second argument put forward by Lucretius is the â€Å"proof from parallelism of mind and body. † This argument is based on an observation that both mind and body follow a similar path in life: â€Å"both move from weakness in youth to growth and strength, then to weakness again in old age† (Lucretius 3. 445-58). The implied conclusion is that because both mind and body follow a similar path in life, the soul dies because the body dies. Plato’s â€Å"cyclical argument† could be used as a counterargument to the â€Å"proof from parallelism. The cyclical argument is also sometimes called the â€Å"opposites argument,† because it states that those things which have an opposite and also â€Å"come to be† are caused by their opposite. The opposite of â€Å"life† is â€Å"death,† and the opposite of â€Å"coming alive† is â€Å"dying. † If dying and coming alive are opposite processes, they are als o the cause of each other, since both â€Å"coming alive† and â€Å"dying† are things that â€Å"come to be. † Plato concludes from this that the souls of the living must come from the souls of the dead and vice versa. Souls are constantly â€Å"recycled,† and therefore they must be immortal. Plato could be accused of equivocation when making this argument. When Plato asserts that all things which have an opposite and â€Å"come to be† are caused by their opposite, he is referring to concepts. Conceptually, this statement makes sense: it is impossible for a person to conceive of â€Å"hot† without something either less hot or hotter to compare it to. Thus, the concept of hot will always make its appearance alongside the concept of cold and it is impossible for either concept to occur in the mind in isolation from its opposite. However, this doesn’t mean that â€Å"hot† and â€Å"cold† will always occur simultaneously and in equal amounts in reality. Plato could be accused of equivocation because he acts as if the behavior of concepts is the same as the behavior of the concrete objects which they describe, but he does not demonstrate that this is necessarily the case. A: The soul and the body are parallel to each other B: The body moves in one direction C: The soul moves in the same direction A ? B ? C A ? B ?C The next argument from Lucretius is the â€Å"proof from sympaethia of mind and body. The argument from medicine is an example of this type of argument. The argument from medicine states that the mind can be cured by medicine just like the body, which is mortal. Since that which is immortal cannot be altered in any way, it could not be cured. Since the mind can be cured, the mind (soul) is not immortal. The â€Å"affinity argument† from Plato could be seen as a counterarg ument. The affinity argument states that the soul resembles that which is invisible and divine, while the body resembles the visible and corporeal. Since the invisible and divine outlasts the visible and corporeal, the soul must outlast the death of the body. This argument fails in a number of ways, but in relation to Lucretius, no reason is given for why the soul cannot resemble the visible and corporeal, as Lucretius demonstrates in the sympaethia arguments. A: The mind can be cured with medicine B: To be cured requires alteration C: The mind (soul) can be altered A ? B ? C A ? B ?C The final argument from Lucretius is the â€Å"proof from the structural connection of mind and body. This argument first states that if a part of our being were located somewhere other than where it was, it could not perform its function. Since the mind is a part of our being that affects and controls our bodies, it has a fixed location in our body. Since those things with a fixed location must necessarily be material, the soul is therefore material. Material things are mortal, therefore the soul is mortal. As a counterargument, Plato’s â €Å"argument from recollection† states that certain a priori knowledge, and therefore the mind (soul), must have existed prior to birth, and thus cannot have a fixed location in the body. The first part of this argument is the â€Å"argument from interrogation,† which basically states that because people possess a priori knowledge, and because all knowledge must have been learned at some point, such knowledge must have been gained in a previous life. This argument fails because it is not necessarily the case that all types of knowledge must be learned, and it also fails because it is self-contradictory. This argument is really an argument stating that a priori knowledge does not exist; all concepts must have been based on experience either in this or a past lifetime. Plato is guilty of begging the question; he should be seeking to prove that there is no such thing as a priori knowledge, but this violates his basic premise that forms are eternal and unchanging, as well as the implied premise that â€Å"nothing comes from nothing. † Plato goes on to contradict himself with the second part of the argument, the â€Å"equality argument. † This states that because no two sticks are of exactly equal length, but we are reminded of equality when we see sticks that are â€Å"striving to be equal,† that we therefore possessed the knowledge of equality prior to experience, and that such is the case with all forms. This contradicts Plato’s implied premise in the interrogation argument that a priori knowledge cannot exist (all knowledge must be based on experience at some point). If we accepted the idea that our concept of equality was gained from experience in a previous life, we are led to the absurd conclusion that it is impossible for two sticks to be of equal length in this lifetime but that it was possible in a past lifetime. A: The mind is a part of our being that has a physical function; that is, it affects and controls our bodies. B: Parts of our being that have a physical function can perform that function if located elsewhere in the body than where they are located C: The mind (soul) has a fixed location within the body A ? ~B ? C A ? ~B ?C In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the soul is mortal and that Plato’s arguments against Lucretius are false. It has been shown that the arguments put forward by Lucretius have more validity than those put forward by Plato. Plato’s counterarguments against Lucretius lack validity because the premises are false. That which is immortal is unchanging, unmoving, non-physical and without a physical location in the body; while Lucretius has demonstrated the soul moves, changes, has a fixed physical location in the body, and is a material substance. A: The soul (mind) is a material substance (like a gas) B: The soul has a fixed location in the body C: The soul has movement D: The soul can be changed E: That which is immortal has movement F: That which is immortal can be changed G: That which is immortal has a fixed location in the body H: That which is immortal is a material substance I: The soul is not immortal A ? B ? C ? D ? ~E ? ~F ? ~G ? ~H ? I A ? B ? C ? D ? ~E ? ~F ? ~G ? ~H ?I It should be noted that any of the above arguments by themselves would be sufficient to prove that the soul is not immortal, for example: A ? ~H ? I A ? ~H ?I Works Cited Earle, William James. Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 1992. Lucretius. De Rerum Natura. Other reference material used â€Å"Phaedo. † Wikipedia, 2010. Web. Oct. 2010.

Air Raid Over Harlem essays

Air Raid Over Harlem essays Protests of 1935: An Analysis of Air Raid Over Harlem When the Italian forces invaded the nation of Ethiopia in 1935 it disturbed many African Americans throughout the United States. This incident caused many blacks to protest in the streets of Harlem, New York. In Langston Hughes poem, Air Raid over Harlem (1935), he uses the literary devices of colloquial language, capitalization, and rhyme to illustrate the feelings, thoughts, and actions of many Americans during the time of these rebellious acts. Hughes uses a great deal of colloquial language throughout the poem to show how Americans felt during this time period. The narrator, a black man, shares many of his feelings with the reader during the poem. He has many conversations with a white man about the different aspects of the protests and of the different things that take place. For example, the narrator tells the white man of how his people have been quiet and peaceful too long and if they have to use physical force to get their point across then they will. The white man replies, Youre just making up/ A fake funny picture aint you? Not real, not real? (58-60). The white man thinks he jokes around and makes up some magical fairy tale that doesnt make any sense. The white mans reply demonstrates the common viewpoint white people felt during the early stages of the protesting. His choice of words and the way he uses them shows that education levels for white Americans werent that high during this time period. Hughes uses a good example of colloquial language when the narrator tells the white man about the horrible things that happen to his people during the protest. He mentions police hitting people with billy-clubs and splitting their heads open making them bleed. He also talks about how the police send bullets throughout the streets of Harlem and leave the wounded and dead laying helplessly. In an angry voice th...

A Good Teacher Essay Example for Free (#2)

A Good Teacher Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? â€Å"Plants are shaped by cultivation and men by education. We are born weak, we need strength; we are born totally unprovided, we need aid; we are born stupid, we need judgement. Everything we do not have at our birth and which we need when we are grown is given to us by education. † (Jean Jacques Rousseau) It can be seen that education is one of the most important factor of our life. It is the tool that shapes us intellectually, socially, emotionally and personally. The kind of education that we receive depends highly on the educators that we encounter. A positive or negative encounter can impact our entire life. Therefore, if it is intended for today’s students to be responsible citizens of tomorrow’s society, then all teachers should emulate the roles of a â€Å"good teacher†. A good teacher is one who is knowledgeable of learners and their development, knowledgeable of subject matter and curriculum goals, creates a good learning environment and†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It can be noted that from the interview conducted, Teacher X exemplifies most of the features of a â€Å"good teacher† and is therefore considered as one. Before entering in a classroom, a â€Å"good teacher† should be highly knowledgeable of the subject area they will be teaching and have a clear understanding of how to organize the curriculum in order to meet the need of the students and the objectives of the school. The interview highlighted that Teacher X is one of the chief writers of the curriculum for the examination body of her institution. It will be ones belief that a personnel would not have been bestowed such privilege if she was not competent in her subject area. She also outlined that her learning objectives are based on the knowledge, ability and skill of the students. This further exemplifies her since Darlington-Hammond and Baratz-Snowden (2005) states that based on the learning needs of their students, teachers must make a wide variety of curriculum decisions, ranging from the evaluation and selection of materials to the design and sequencing of tasks, assignments and activities to the assessment of learning to guide further teaching. The development of the curriculum in light of the students’ interest fosters intrinsic motivation and stimulates the students’ passion for learning a specific subject area. If given the opportunity for input, students’ will generate ideas and set goals that even the teacher had not thought of. At this point teachers should embrace the fact that they do not know everything and should be willing to learn from their students’ in the process. A â€Å"good teacher† must take the time to know her students. Know not only their names or facial representations, but their readiness level, learning styles and interest. Students are all individuals who learn at different rates and in different ways. Tomlinson (2001) outlines that students learn better if tasks are a close match for their skills and understanding of a topic (readiness), if tasks ignite curiosity or passion in a student (interest) and if the assignment encourages students to work in a preferred manner (learning style). The classrooms of our society can be extremely diverse, so teachers must be able to differentiate intrsuctions to meet the individual needs of each student. A Good Teacher. (2016, Nov 25).

International monetary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International monetary - Essay Example There is a relationship between real exchange rate and balance of payment crisis. The exchange rate is one of the variables for the BOP crisis (Berg & International Monetary Fund, 1999). The government handles the BOP crises situations by taking up various measures. This paper will discuss the degree of relationship between the measures. The crisis situation in a country’s BOP occurs when it moves beyond the control of the government to remove the current account’s deficit. The crisis situation would lead to deficit in foreign exchange reserves too. Considering these adverse impacts of the BOP crisis, the objective of this paper has been selected that will comprehensively discuss the measures taken up by the government for dealing with the adverse conditions. Nature of the Exchange Rate The exchange rate acts just as the demand and supply of currency in an international market that in turn affects the BOP. There will be minimum effect when a currency of a domestic count ry’s demand and supply is equivalent. This is represented below in figure1 (Pereira, 1998). Figure 1: Interaction of demand and supply with respect to foreign currency and unit prices (Pereira, 1998). The demanded and supplied foreign currencies are exhibited in X-axis, in a specific period. The unitary prices / exchange rates are illustrated in Y-axis for the foreign currencies that are in national currency. At point 4, the demand and supply meet and the exchange rate is maintained. There is less volatility in the exchange rate and it does not develop BOP crisis (Pereira, 1998). If it is now considered that the demand is constant and the supply of the currency has declined, then the rate of exchange declines and there are difficulties in the BOP management. This might lead to BOP crisis if it lasts for long period of time. This is illustrated below in figure 2 (Pereira, 1998). Figure 2: Interaction of demand and supply with respect to foreign currency and unit prices with sh ift in supply curve (Pereira, 1998). The supply has been declined when the demand became constant. The curve SS moves to S†S†. Thus, the exchange rate declines from point 4 to 3. The effect is viewed in the BOP where there are chances of deficits and crisis might be present. The demand and supply of the currency determines the exchange rate fluctuation and its effects are seen in the BOP. The BOP crises are generated with continuous decline in the exchange rate of the domestic country (Pereira, 1998). There are three alternative assumptions of BOP that are discussed here. These theories are known as ‘absorption’, ‘elasticity’ and ‘monetary approaches’ (Ardalan, 2003). Elasticity Approach In this approach the impact of devaluation of the exchange rate on domestic output is believed to be met by distinction in output and employment rather than prices, with the consequences of variations in the level of output is viewed on the balance of payments. The association connecting the balance of payments and supply of money, and linking the supply of money and the cumulative demand are ignored. This is through the assumption of existence of unemployed resources and Keynesian scepticism concerning the influence of money (Ardalan, 2003). According to the Mundell-Fleming Model of elasticity approach to the BOP, there are two effects: (1) The exchange rate outcome contributes to a

Climate Change- Reality or Myth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Climate Change- Reality or Myth - Assignment Example I feel that through this advertisement, Nissan effectively reaches their target consumer – the educated consumer – because it shows them the simple beneficial effect that the purchase of the Nissan Leaf car would give Mother Nature. Through the symbolism of the polar bear, it seems that Mother Nature knows and personally thanks whoever buys this type of car. On the Science Magazine article, there is so much confusion in the media and among the masses concerning global warming, because there are two schools of thought regarding global warming. The majority, or 75% believe â€Å"the IPCC’s conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations,† which means to say that human factor was behind global warming. However, 25% of scientists believe that â€Å"climate change is natural† although no paper argued that point and although politicians, journalists and economists try to advocate. Now, although this could be wrong or right, the point is that we should do something about

Investigating Robbery, Burglary and Larceny Essay Example for Free

Investigating Robbery, Burglary and Larceny Essay Investigating a case of robbery requires employing all the important elements involved in criminal investigation beginning with crime scene processing, interviewing both victims and witnesses, possible method analysis of perpetrating crime, and checking records.  The incident of the robbery occurs so quickly, most of the victims are either in a state of shock or surprise. Hence, victims’ statement should be properly analyzed and investigators should be careful about possibilities of wrong estimation of things by perpetrator’s age, height, and weight by the victim. The important aspect of initial investigation is to have careful retrieval of information present in victim’s subconscious mind. Investigation in burglary begins with the crime scene and it begins with entry and exit. The possibilities of getting fingerprint evidence have been higher at the above mentioned two places as at these places the offender may take off his gloves. A very close analysis of the exact entry point is required. The possibilities of a forced entry and the use of any tool have to be ascertained. Apart from these, other physical evidences in form of dusts and small debris should be collected as these small bits sometimes connects with offender’s clothing, tools and the stolen articles. This form of crime is stealth in nature, possibilities of a witness are bleak and the whole chain of perpetrated crime scene is being created by linking various smaller elements in a chain of events. Larceny has been a crime of opportunities with possibilities of perpetration can be any local setting. Investigation agency looks into the place of incident and tries to ascertain the periodicity of larceny in that area. Even the frequency of the incident of larceny is being correlated with the articles that are of being stolen. As in this case also, possibilities of getting a witness is bleak, the investigation agencies look of any CCTV footage to get hold of perpetrator and in case of absence of any visual assistance, a list of all visitors is developed and are interviewed over certain issues like the purpose of visit and information they could provide about other visitors.

KamaSutra and the War Between the Sexes Essay -- Movie Film Essays

KamaSutra and the War Between the Sexes    The movie KamaSutra is a tale of love and passion. It is set in ancient India and is a story about Tara, a princess and Maya, her maid. Maya was always in Tara's shadow. Everything she used were the leftovers of the Princess. Maya always had to move in Tara's shadow. Even though she was prettier and more accomplished in the arts Maya could never be seen as Tara's equal. To avenge herself Maya seduces Tara's husband, the king of a neighboring province. For Maya it's only an act of revenge, for now Tara will have to spend the rest of her life with what Maya had used. On Tara's wedding night, Maya offers herself to Tara's husband. After Maya seduces Tara's husband she finally finds herself. Instead of seeing herself as Tara's shadow she now sees herself as equal to the queen, for now Tara will have to spend the rest of her life with something Maya has used. Tara gets rejected repetitively by her husband. Her shyness and inhibited sexuality annoys Rajsingh. On their wedding night he le aves her to go to one of his courtesans. Thereafter Tara is always portrayed as either crying or watching her husband leave with other woman. She is a bitter, jealous, and ugly woman till Maya teaches her the art of loving. When her husband, Rajsingh now sees her he desires her. It is after the point that she sees herself as a sexual person that she can find herself. The queen emerges as a strong woman, no longer a weeping lost soul. When Rajsingh starts to falter after he is rejected by Maya, Tara takes control of the state and of the King. It is through intercourse that the relationship of the male and the female are depicted. It is the tool of love, power, destruction, and identity. Through sexu... ...n emphasis on the emotional aspect of the child. These differences pave the way for unhappy adult interactions. The divorce rate in most western countries is alarming. In eastern countries they are definitely on the rise. The two sexes are taught so well to be different from each other that when it is time for them to live together they can't. The only solution maybe to go back and unlearn exactly what comprises femininity and masculinity. So that the future children grow up to fill our expectations of what is human, rather than what feminine or masculine.    Work Cited Horney, Karen. "The Distrust Between the Sexes." A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. 5th ed. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. 337-351. KamaSutra. Dir. Mira Nair. Earl Jackson Jr, Stategies of Deviance. Indiana University Press 1995

Economic vale added

Corporations continue to use a variety of measures to gauge their financial performance for many years. Economic value added (EVA) has been Introduced as a very effective performance measurement and strategic assessment tool. One of the reasons why EVA is such a powerful instrument is that it is linked to market value added (MBA), which is the definite indicator of a company's wealth creation. Another reason for using EVA is that it is the only dependable and precise continuous improvement method available.Economic value added is the term that Stern Stewart & Co. Coined for Its particular variety of economic profit and gain that remains after levying a charge against â€Å"After Tax Operating profits† for the opportunity cost of all capital used to produce those profits. Many corporate managers have mistakenly been focusing on conventional accounting profits, which include a deduction for interest payments on debt but have no provision at all for the cost of equity capital. Ma rket value added measures the level of wealth creation.It beats out all other measures because it is the deference between â€Å"Cash In and Cash Out†, I. E. , between how much capital investors put Into a company and what they could get out by selling at today's market price. As such, MBA Is the cumulative amount by which a company has enhanced or diminished shareholder wealth. It is the best external measure of company performance because it captures the market's assessment of the effectiveness in how company's managers have used their resources.Within the scope of this study, the role of economic value added in financial theory, and the relationship between market value added, market value and economic value added have been Investigated. Empirical study around the market value added, market value, economic value added, traditional measures such as net Income, earnings per share, return on assets and return on equity have been employed with the data taken from 89 Istanbul S tock Exchange companies, over a period 1 996 – 2005.Additionally, Regression and Factor Analysis are applied to find the high reference firms and industries as well as value drivers pertaining the firms taken up In this study. It has been determined that market value and market value added have lower association with economic value added in comparison to the measures of earnings such as net operating profit after tax and net income. Moreover, when the annual changes in the variables are taken into consideration, association level of EVA to MBA and NV is weaker than the net operating profit after tax and net income.However, economic value added is a more powerful management tool than traditional performance measures Like earnings per share, return on assets and return on equity In measuring firm financial performance In SIS regarding the period of 1996 – 2005. Moreover, In order to determine the value drivers In Istanbul Stock Exchange financial characteristics have bee n investigated. A weak correlation between market value added, market value and internal financial measures were determined. The impact of macroeconomic factors on the market value added and market value has also been investigated.It has been concluded that inflation and treasury bill rates have a negative correlation, while gross domestic/national product and money supply/net international reserves have a positive correlation with market value added and market value of the Istanbul Stock Exchange industrial firms. Furthermore, Porter's value philosophy has been discussed to investigate the competitiveness and value creation of Turkish companies and industries. Keywords: Market value added, market value, economic value added

Nutrition †Food Essay

In our today’s society, especially western countries, the issue of fast food seems to be at the top of every health related debate. As these debates become more controversial, the question of who bears the responsibility remains unanswered. In his essay, Don’t Blame the Eater, David Zinczenko attempts to answer this key question by placing the greater responsibility of America’s obesity and other fast food related health issues on the fast food industries. Contrary to Zinczenko’s argument, Raldy Balko, in his essay, What You Eat Is Your Business, states that, people should take ownership of their health and well-being, and are therefore responsible for what and how they eat. Although both Zinczenko and Balko address the issue of responsibility, though with contrast, but valid arguments, Zinczenko seems to present a more convincing argument due to the way in which he explains the politics of food, the way in which our lifestyles are altered by what we eat, and things we can do to change the way we see food and its role in our lives. Although Zinczenko hold consumers responsible to an extent, he blames the fast food industries for the rising rate of obesity and other health issues related to fast food due to their failure to provide labels for their products. Zinczenko convincingly supports his claim by noting statistical data that shows the rise in money spent to treat diabetes. â€Å"Before 1994, diabetes in children was generally caused by a genetic disorder only 5 percent of childhood cases were obesity related, or Type 2 diabetes. Today, according to the National Institutes of Health, Type 2 diabetes accounts for at least 30 percent of all new childhood cases of diabetes in this country†(Zinczenko 392). He argues that, if the fast food companies are regulated so that they are responsible for their food contents, by providing proper labels, than consumers will make informed food choices. Contrary to Zinczenko, Balko argues that what one eats should be a matter of personal responsibility. To Balko’s credit, I believe that people should take personal responsibility for their health by adding a sensible diet and exercise to their routines. Where I differ from Balko is when he says that government restrictions on food are a result of people making poor food choices. According to Balko, â€Å"a society where everyone is responsible for everyone else’s well-being is a society more apt to accept government restrictions† (397). I think Balko’s argument in this regard, is a selfish one, and is an attempt to exempt the rich from paying their fair share of taxes that would otherwise benefit the poor or some middle families who cannot afford the high cost of health insurance. Both Zinczenko and Balko seem to agree on the rising health costs that are somehow a result of fast food, these two authors seem to differ on reasons. Zinczenko argues that health care cost is on the rise because of diseases caused by fast food due to the failure of fast food companies to provide labels and that consumers should not be blame for it. However, Balko argues that it is so that, we allow the â€Å"government to come between us and our waistline† (396). Balko states that, the more the government continues to fund health issues that are direct attribute of poor food/health choices, the more people will continue to dine on fast food and engage not in an effective diet and exercise regimen. (398) The growth of the fast food industry and the rate at which fast food is consumed is so fast, and its accompanying risks of obesity and related cardiovascular diseases have become a societal epidemic. Zinczenko blames the fast food industries for the spring in the rate to which obesity have grown in the United States. Even though Zinczenko is right about the rising rate of obesity, and that the consumption of fast food forms part of its etiology, the thesis of his argument cannot be proven and therefore cannot form the basis for his claims against the fast food companies since there are other contributing factors regarding the cause, onset, and progression of obesity. Obesity is also biologically linked. These biological attributors include: genetics, hormones, enzymes, and vitamins and minerals. Some people have fat in their genes that, no matter what they do, they are just fat. Others have issues with hormonal imbalances and or inadequate enzymatic actions that would aid in the adequate digestion and absorption of certain foods. Fast food is just one of the many environmental attributes associated with obesity. So Zinczenko can accurately make his case against the fast food industries for providing labels so as to enable consumers make informed food choices and not a case of obesity. Sometimes, people are too fast to pass judgment on others, especially people that are obese. I am equally guilty of the accusation myself. I work as a nurse at a nursing home facility and, in most cases, when staff member comes to me complaining of headache, first thing I say to them is; let’s check your blood pressure and, God forbid, the blood pressure is elevated, or if that person just look fat to me, my next comment is, it is because of all the junk you eat. My judgment, though may be incorrect, is based on the fact that most of these staff members are single parents, live in inner cities, and have a total commute time of two hours to and from work. Not to mention, some of them have more than one job. However, these people are being made to feel guilty about something that is totally out their control. In most instances, their wages aren’t even enough to meet up with their rents and utilities bills. Fast food comes handy in such instance where one can spend ten dollars and get ten cheeseburgers to feed a family of three to five versus going to the grocery store where each healthy ingredient is almost equivalent to the price of the entire dinner comprising of fast food. People fall back on fast food because it is cheap. Zinczenko explains that his parents were split up and that he had to live with his mother who worked long hours just to make the monthly bills. â€Å"Lunch and dinner, for me, was a daily choice between McDonald’s, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken or Pizza Hut. † (Zinczenko 391). In Zinczenko’s case, his lifestyle is altered because fast food is his only option since his family is dysfunctional. His single mother has to work very hard to pay bills and provide him a meal. It doesn’t matter the kind of meal. A meal is a meal, especially for someone who doesn’t have the time to prepare a home cooked meal. The people afflicted with fast food related obesity are not to blame for what they eat because they have very little or no options regarding what they eat due to all of the above reasons. However, to Balko’s point, while people may not have the option about what they eat, they have the option to control how they eat. Zinczenko states in his essay that fast food is â€Å"the only available options for an American kid to get an affordable meal†, and so, he urges his readers not to â€Å"blame the Eater† (392). But as with Zinczenko, we are well aware of the role fast food play in our lives. We understand that, though fast may be one, or the only available meal choice that we have, the way we eat can help us determine the role these foods play in our lives. Zinczenko supports his argument about the role food play in his life by giving information about his pre-college weight. â€Å"By age 15, I had packed 212 pounds of torpid tallow on my once lanky 5-foot-10 frame† (392). Even Zinczenko believes that, consumers are as equally responsible for the way they eat. However, he maintains his argument that the fast food companies bare the greater responsibility. In conclusion, both the eater and the producer are responsible for fast food related obesity, but I believe that the fast industries should bare the greater responsibility. Fast food companies must provide their consumers with proper food labels that enable them to make inform decision about what they eat. Label should not be falsified or misleading, like in the example giving by Zinczenko about the misleading label on the â€Å"chicken salad† (393). He refers to the salad as not healthy and that it is a caloric death- trap aimed at eaters who will not suspect it. Although Balko makes some really good points, his objectives seem to me as a means to an end. Zinczenko cautions that there are few or no alternatives to what we eat and that things have to change. Balko cautions that allowing food regulations for labels means letting the government between you and your waistline. In either case, we as a people have a responsibility to consider what and how we eat.

Classroom versгs Online Tutorials

Classroom versÐ ³s Online Tutorials Introduction The contemporary world has witnessed robust technological innovations, which have significantly transformed most of the socio-economic and political operations. For example, information technology has revolutionized the education sector, and students can today learn comfortably at home without necessarily having to attend school.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom versÐ ³s Online Tutorials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the advent of online classes, many stakeholders in education have conducted serious studies to determine its reliability and validity. For example, some studies have revealed that many learners are willing to attend the normal class sessions since they are skeptical about the quality of online classes. On the other hand, students that have successfully accomplished their online programs argue that it provides the best learning experience. It is against this background that this paper seeks to compare traditional classes with online ones. Classroom verses Online Tutorials Many students attend normal classes because they not only enable them to learn the curriculum, but they also give them a chance to share their learning experiences with their classmates and teachers. For example, a properly conducted classroom discussions and debates can motivate students to learn social skills such as teamwork, and they develop good oral skills during such sessions. On the other hand, online group activities are carried out through discussion boards, which in some cases are not very interactive. Nonetheless, online class interactions may enable students to relate with their colleagues from very diverse social cultural backgrounds compared to classrooms that attract majority of students from a given locality. A traditional class provides a holistic approach to learning because it enables students to develop leadership and teamwork. For example, a class representative or a student leader can nature his or her leadership skills. In addition, traditional classes also offer co-curriculum studies, which enable students to identify and develop their talents. Such activities have enabled students to become great sports personalities and musicians. Online classes do not have co-curriculum activities and students have to make personal arrangements to access such services. In the absence of such services, students can resort to online social networks and some of them may engage in addictive games like online gambling which may affect their level concentration in studies.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traditional classes have restrictive learning schedules that are offered within specific timeframes. Students and instructors are compelled to adhere to the preset learning program. Some tutors are very strict to time management and usually l ock out late students. To some extent, this enables students to realize the importance of time management and working under restrictive plans. Thus, students that attend traditional classes are more likely to develop good time management skills than those taking online lessons. In the case of online lessons, learners have the freedom to learn at their own time, and they have flexible deadlines to accomplish their assignments. This enables students to cope with both their vocational activities and family responsibilities. Online studies are also convenient for students with serious physical disabilities who may find it rather difficult to cope with normal school routines. Nonetheless, upholding self-discipline is very difficult in the online mode of learning compared to traditional classes due to the absence of strict deadlines. The modes of communication in these two models of learning are quite different. For example, in a traditional learning setting, a student can pose a question and he or she can immediately get answers from the tutor. In the online learning model, questions are channeled to the instructor through the discussion board, and he or she may take long before responding. Moreover, some questions are debatable and may not be answered properly through online communication. Sometimes, individual communication will assist the learner better comprehend the response to his questions compared to conversation boards where responses are often short. Many individuals regard online classes cost effective since students learn at home. However, a characteristic home environment has several distractions, which can interfere with online classes. Children can interfere with online class sessions when they are playing in the house.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom versÐ ³s Online Tutorials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Even if a student lives alone, distractions may come in t he form of phone calls, trips to the kitchen and a compelling desire to check ones email just one more time†. With traditional classes, there is usually a serene environment for learning. Traditional classes are better than online sessions especially when learners are taking courses that are instruction intensive. For example, some computer courses can be learnt better through physical contact with instructors especially when complicated concepts are to be leant. In such circumstances, â€Å"an online course that is mostly text-based may make it more difficult for a student to learn the material†. Conclusion The above discussion demonstrates that both traditional tutorials and online lessons have challenges and advantages. Therefore, when a student is choosing a mode of learning, he or she should consider the affordability of a given mode of learning and the amount of time needed to accomplish it. Lastly, a student willing to enroll for an online program should first sc rutinize the credibility of a given online institution to avoid falling prey of fraudsters who offer bogus online tutorials. Globokar, Julie. Introduction to Online Learning: A Guide for Students. New York: SAGE, 2010. Print. Kearsley, Greg and Michael Moore. Distance education: a systems view. New York: Wadsworth, 2006. Print. Lynch, Maggie. Learning Online: A Guide to Success in the Virtual Classroom. Oxford: Taylor Francis, 2004. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Criminology dissertation literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology dissertation - Literature review Example Furthermore, it has also been stated that during the criminal treatment, the rape victims are often prejudged and ill-treated. The research of Fawcett Society (2007) stated that in the UK, at least 47,000 adult females are raped every year and according to public approach towards female rape victims, 34% of public consider that the victims are partially or completely liable for being raped as they behaved in flirtatious manner. In a society, it is usually accepted that public have a tendency to perceive victim of rape in somewhat negative manner. People basically observe world as just a place where misfortune happens only to those who earn them. This statement reflects that in several rape circumstances, the incidence is described by considering the situation where victim should have done something in order to evade being victimised. Several researchers have identified that in rape case, victims are regarded as sole initiator of their victimisation (Hart & et. al., 2007). According to Wolfgang (1958), victims’ direct and instantaneous action often leads to misfortune. In rape based action, several authors disputed that victim’s characteristic matter more in comparison to their activities. According to Frederick (1987), factors such as victim’s class, background, image of decency and physical appeal have certain impact on crime liability. Workman & Freeburg (1999) also stated that femal e victim’s physical attractiveness, sexual appetites, degree of intemperance and dress pattern can influence negative ascription in female victimisation. Belknap (1996) noted that the institutional beliefs in gender role stereotyping influence the rape case proceedings in present century. Literally, a woman who appealed to be a victim of rape is treated with doubt. Any past sexual activity on her side is believed to weaken the truth of her claim and as practical matter reduce her right to control the characteristics of her sexual

Human Subjects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Subjects - Research Paper Example elinek works in however has never experienced any labour unrests for over thirty years, due to relatively higher payment and better or favorable working conditions. In the surge and increase of the internet, the industry and market as a whole has borne the brunt of change as most of the competitors lost their cutting edge and business or market share to the internet. This is to imply that customers value the retail services that they get from the internet as compared to physical or manual retail stores and shops. On the contrary, the Costco Company has continued to increase and grow in terms of stock price and sales (www.bloomberg.com). In the conventional and simple sense, it is as if the Costco Company has defied business and marketing conventions to realize an increase in its portfolio despite the fact that business and market as a whole is experiencing difficult times in the conventional sense and aspect. According to Craig Jelenik, the company gives better pay and more comfortable working environment where the welfare of the workers is ensured. For instance, Craig Jelenik mentions that people ought to have wages with health benefits ensure s that more money rotates back to the society which in turn would create a healthier nation. He also went ahead to write and advise the congress to increase the minimum wage to $9 an increase from the past level. The main reason as to why he fronts an increase in the minimum wage is so as to ensure that the employee productivity is increased, their loyalty and commitment is unwavering and the turnover of employees is high. Under the prevailing circumstance of labour unrest and demands in pay rise, the Costco Company has continued to give its employees a higher minimum wage as compared to what the government stipulates for minimum pay per hour. For instance, it pays its employees $20.89 an hour as compared to the stipulated wage rate of $9-which other retail stores pays their customers. The researchers demanded and inquired